Website management - Im making a website on Mobile phones the website :: Computer Science

Website management - Im making a website on Mobile phones the website impart include mobiles from assorted manufactures.WEBSITE worryASSIGNMENT 1Im making a website on Mobile phones the website will include mobilesfrom different manufactures, these will be Nokia, Motorola, Erickson,Siemens and Samsung and through these u will be able to access thedifferent models these will all be on pick pages and I will alsoinclude a separate page on mobile phone accessories, their will alsobe a separate page so the users of this website can e-mail me with anycomplaints, suggestions and compliment on the site. There are goingto be many links to different websites on mobile phones so people canget a rough idea about how good the site is and how competitive we arein the mobile phone business. The reason im making a website on this takings is because mobile phones are very popular and there is a hugedemand for them in the world.The background colour will be dark and the equivalent on every page so userswill not have to adjust the contrast of their monitor, the baptismal slip colourwill be quite fulgid so it stands out on the background otherwise theusers of my website will have a difficulty reading the font.The font colour will not be the same on every page it will varythrough the bright colours so every page will have its accept uniquelook. The font size for normal writing will be about a size 12, thissize will vary through different sizes so you can tell which piece ofwriting is a heading and sub heading these will also be in differentfont styles the rest of the font will be very business like and alsovery clear so the site looks professional and so the font is easy toread.There will be many different pictures of mobile phones these pictureswill also include a different angles of the phone. The dimensions ofthe phone will be below it and then I will have a description of thephone next to the picture, the description will include how it works

Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men :: comparison compare contrast essays

 In Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men a teacher meets students who apprehend Romeo and Juliet very differently than is ordinarily real. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic discern story.  What they witness in their genuine lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter.  Although these students may have a colored view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there.  They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry.  However, because they have not bear witnessd the romance and poetry in addition to sightedness what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them.     The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see.  Instead they examine what lies beyond this.  Th ey see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease.  All of these things are found deep down the play, but are masked by poetry and romance.  For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark.  To the normal reader this is romantic.  It is viewed as a story about the most amazing physique of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy.     What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students real lives they are ring by war, torture, and death.  Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them.  It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas.  It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teachers efforts to shew them the another(prenominal) side of the story.  Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the c haracters in the play are approximately the same age as the students.  Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students.  The characters are their peers.     Because of the students everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play.  They have ignored the motive, the tremendous durability that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things found within the play.  This force is love.  It is the main reason for all actions in the play.Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men comparison compare contrast essays In Maxine Hong - Kingstons China Men a teacher meets students who perceive Romeo and Juliet very differently than is commonly accepted. These students see it as a horror story rather than a tragic love story.  What they witness in their real lives (war, death, murder, etc.) affects how they view everything they encounter.  Although these students may have a colored view, everything that they see in Romeo and Juliet is actually there.  They have not imagined anything. They have gone beyond the commonly accepted reading of the play, and have found what lies underneath the surface of all the romance and poetry.  However, because they have not examined the romance and poetry in addition to seeing what lies beyond the commonly accepted reading, the story is disturbing to them.     The students read Romeo and Juliet and do not see the love story that society would have them see.  Instead they examine what lies beyond this.  They see a story of secrecy, sex, murder, suicide, and disease.  All of these things are found within the play, but are masked by poetry and romance.  For example, these students see Romeo and Juliet as a story of whispering, tiptoeing, making love, and (children) driven mad in the dark.  To the normal reader this is romantic.  It is viewed as a story about the most amazing kin d of love imaginable - true love ending in tragedy.     What happens around them certainly must affect how the students understand everything. In these students real lives they are surrounded by war, torture, and death.  Horror is a part of their every day lives, and so it becomes a part of them.  It manifests itself in their thoughts and ideas.  It has even affected their reading of Romeo and Juliet despite their teachers efforts to show them the other side of the story.  Another reason that this play is so disturbing to the students is that the characters in the play are approximately the same age as the students.  Because of this, anything that the characters do has a greater meaning to the students.  The characters are their peers.     Because of the students everyday experiences they miss the poetry in the play.  They have ignored the motive, the tremendous force that drives the characters Romeo and Juliet to do the things f ound within the play.  This force is love.  It is the main reason for all actions in the play.

Comparing Character in Child by Tiger and Most Dangerous Game Essay exa

Difference in Character in Child by tiger and Most hazardous Game In Thomas Wolfes The Child by Tiger, the character Dick Prosser is clearly more credible than General Zaroff in Richard Connells The Most Dangerous Game. This plausibleness is due to all(prenominal) characters lifestyle, murder motives, and personal morals. The difference in the characters is very dramatic. Foremost, how and where one lives tell much about a person. General Zaroff appears to be spiritedness in an close to make-believe world. He has bought an island and made his home there. When Rainsford, another character in the short story, reaches the island, he begins looking for lights. Connell describes, He came upon them as he turned a crook in the coast line, and his first thought was that he had come upon a village, for there were many lights (11). Today, it would be ludicrous for a man to protest an island all by himself. Conversely, Dick Prosser lives more realistically. He lives in a basement room of a home belonging to a white family. Wolfe explains, The leach board floor was always cleanly swept, a plain bare ... Comparing Character in Child by Tiger and Most Dangerous Game Essay exaDifference in Character in Child by Tiger and Most Dangerous Game In Thomas Wolfes The Child by Tiger, the character Dick Prosser is clearly more credible than General Zaroff in Richard Connells The Most Dangerous Game. This plausibility is due to each characters lifestyle, murder motives, and personal morals. The difference in the characters is very dramatic. Foremost, how and where one lives tell much about a person. General Zaroff appears to be living in an almost make-believe world. He has bought an island and made his home there. When Rainsford, another character in the short story, reaches the island, he begins looking for lights. Connell describes, He came upon them as he turned a crook in the coast line, and his first thought was that he had come upon a village, for there wer e many lights (11). Today, it would be ludicrous for a man to own an island all by himself. Conversely, Dick Prosser lives more realistically. He lives in a basement room of a home belonging to a white family. Wolfe explains, The bare board floor was always cleanly swept, a plain bare ...

Negotiation and Decision Making: A Professional and Personal View Essay

negotiation and decision-making offers you a powerful refreshing perspective, a specialized wording and a set of tools that you can use to address the most stroppy problems in your everyday life and contrive. Negotiation and decision-making is a way of understanding pragmatism that emphasizes the relationships among a systems parts, quite than the parts themselves. This is based on a subject of study known as system dynamics. Negotiation and decision-making has been defined as an admittance to problem solving, by viewing problems as part of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific parts, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences. The principle behind dialog and decision-making is little to an organizational survival. Why is Negotiation and decision-making critical? It can assist you in designing smart and enduring solutions to problems. In its simplest sense, negotiation and decision-making gives you a more accurate picture of reality, so that you can work with a systems natural forces in order to achieve the results you desire. It also encourages you to think almost problems and solutions with an eye toward the long view. For example, how might a particular solution youre considering flirt out over the long run? What unintended consequences might it have? Negotiation and decision-making is founded on some basic universal principles that you will begin to comment in all areas of life once you learn to recognize your emergent issues. hither are a few questions that can be considered when attempting to solve a problem. What is the underlying problem? Is the issue interacting, interrelated, and interdependent component that forms a complex and integrated whole. Many... ...whole for the results of our future and to get it, we need to think differently, manage differently, and organize differently. erstwhile people accept that a homogeneous change can provide new opportuniti es and possibilities, the change is well on its way to successful implementation. The ability to hold an uniformed decision can create stronger values both professionally and in person for this is crucial in an increasingly turbulent world. Therefore, negotiation and decision-making will plump critical for survival. Works CitedScott, C. & Jaffe, D. (1995). Managing Change at Work Leading people through.Menlo Park, CA Crisp Publications.Randers, J. (1980). Guidelines for Model Conceptualization in Elements of the SystemDynamics Method. J. Randers, ed. pp. 117-139. Waltham, MA PegasusCommunications.(Randers, 1980). (Scott & Jaffe, 1995). Negotiation and Decision Making A Professional and Personal View EssayNegotiation and decision-making offers you a powerful new perspective, a specialized language and a set of tools that you can use to address the most stubborn problems in your everyday life and work. Negotiation and decision-making is a way of understanding reality that emphasizes the relationships among a systems parts, rather than the parts themselves. This is based on a field of study known as system dynamics. Negotiation and decision-making has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing problems as part of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific parts, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences. The rationale behind negotiation and decision-making is critical to an organizational survival. Why is Negotiation and decision-making critical? It can assist you in designing smart and enduring solutions to problems. In its simplest sense, negotiation and decision-making gives you a more accurate picture of reality, so that you can work with a systems natural forces in order to achieve the results you desire. It also encourages you to think about problems and solutions with an eye toward the long view. For example, how might a particular solution youre considering play out over the long run? What unintended consequences might it have? Negotiation and decision-making is founded on some basic universal principles that you will begin to detect in all areas of life once you learn to recognize your emergent issues. Here are a few questions that can be considered when attempting to solve a problem. What is the underlying problem? Is the issue interacting, interrelated, and interdependent component that forms a complex and unified whole. Many... ...whole for the results of our future and to get it, we need to think differently, manage differently, and organize differently. Once people accept that a homogeneous change can provide new opportunities and possibilities, the change is well on its way to successful implementation. The ability to reach an uniformed decision can create stronger values both professionally and personally for this is crucial in an increasingly turbulent world. Therefore, negotiation and decision-making will become cri tical for survival. Works CitedScott, C. & Jaffe, D. (1995). Managing Change at Work Leading people through.Menlo Park, CA Crisp Publications.Randers, J. (1980). Guidelines for Model Conceptualization in Elements of the SystemDynamics Method. J. Randers, ed. pp. 117-139. Waltham, MA PegasusCommunications.(Randers, 1980). (Scott & Jaffe, 1995).

Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay

Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralThe central concept of Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics ofMorals is the categorical crying. The conception of an objective principle,in so faraway as it is obligatory for a will, is c completelyed a command (of reason), andthe formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperativeis something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to executionin the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperativeis an obligation by the will to act so that the save can be sort as auniversal law. When star acts in conformity with the universal law at all times,they are pursuance out the categorical imperative. This differs from the supposititious imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basisthat the will in the end will gain something (not a means to an end). Thecategorical imperative is a means to an end, and the activity to obtain the endm ust have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that allactions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the endis necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categoricalimperative should be followed in order to live morally. If an action isconceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principleof a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical. (Abbott,32) There is therefore but one ca... Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralThe central concept of Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics ofMorals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle,in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), andthe formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperativeis something that a will ought or shall do because the w ill is obligated to actin the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperativeis an obligation by the will to act so that the action can be classified as auniversal law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times,they are following out the categorical imperative. This differs from thehypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basisthat the will in the end will gain something (not a means to an end). Thecategorical imperative is a means to an end, and the action to obtain the endmust have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that allactions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the endis necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categoricalimperative should be followed in order to live morally. If an action isconceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principleof a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical. (Abbott,32) There is therefore but one ca...

Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay

Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralThe central concept of Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics ofMorals is the categorical controlling. The conception of an objective principle,in so utmost as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), andthe formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperativeis something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to sourin the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperativeis an obligation by the will to act so that the do can be classified advertisement as a oecumenic law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times,they are following out the categorical imperative. This differs from the alleged(a) imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basisthat the will in the halt will gain something (not a means to an end). Thecategorical imperative is a means to an end, and the action to obtain the en dmust have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that allactions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the endis necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categoricalimperative should be followed in order to live morally. If an action isconceived as good in itself and consequently as creation necessarily the principleof a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical. (Abbott,32) There is therefore but one ca... Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral establish Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of MoralThe central concept of Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics ofMorals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle,in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), andthe formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperativeis something that a will ought or shall do be cause the will is obligated to actin the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperativeis an obligation by the will to act so that the action can be classified as auniversal law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times,they are following out the categorical imperative. This differs from thehypothetical imperative in that the hypothetical imperative acts on the basisthat the will in the end will gain something (not a means to an end). Thecategorical imperative is a means to an end, and the action to obtain the endmust have moral worth. Stipulations of the categorical imperative are that allactions should act only on the maxim, that actions have moral worth, and the endis necessary. From these stipulations, it can be derived that the categoricalimperative should be followed in order to live morally. If an action isconceived as good in itself and consequently as being necessarily the principleof a will which of itself conforms to reason, then it is categorical. (Abbott,32) There is therefore but one ca...

Mercan System Inc.

The guild was established in 1980 by Eugene Mercan and the first product was a desalinator. In 1996, the product line acknowledged desalinators, particle drops, ozonators, ion exchange resins, and purifiers. In 1996, gross revenue revenues was almost $400 million (annual growth average 12% for past quint years), with an expected profit close to $50 million. In 1999, pissing purifier was added to product line by using brand name Delight.The company has set a commercialize for its peeing purifier in developing countries where there is a huge, profitable and attractive market for clean water. Rahul Chatterjee, an International market liaison has been gather information about the Indian market for home water purification devices. Statement of the Problem Mercan Systems would like to thrive in developing countries. They argon pursuit market entry elements and entry st posegy to the Indian market for home purification devices.The entry strategies would then be compared with thos e of two other Mercan liaisons who focused on Argentina, Brazil, and Indonesia. Indian Market for Home Water Filtration and Purification The characteristics of this market is complex but Chatterjee found out that there are about four or five competitors in the market with only one or two companies in Indias 25 states. The market whitethorn be in its previous(predicate) growth stages and many Indians felt the need for improved water quality. Target Market 44million households comprising of 40 million households of middle- and upper-middle-class households in the unify States and the European nub 4 million households who had similar values and lifestyles In addition, 50% of our target market used boiling to make clean water, 40% of our target market used a mechanical device to improve their water quality while 10% of the target market owned neither a distort nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. Market Segmentation Traditional Method for Home Water Purification Boiling- Tw o to five liters of water for 10 minutes, intromit it to cool, and hen transfer it to containers for storage (often in a refrigerator). This procedure is cumbersome, time consuming, and ineffective in removing physical impurities and unpleasant odors. Before storage they will filter their boiled water through candle filters. Water can become recontaminated during handling and storage. Mechanical Methods for Home Water Filtration and Purification Candle Filters -Low price number on material (plastic, porcelain or stainless steel) and easy to use. Candle filters were s offset, producing 15 liters (one candle) to 45 liters (3 candles).It is needed to be removed, cleaned, and boiled for 20 minutes. Price Rs. 350 to Rs. 1,100. Water Purifiers These are better than Candle Filters. There are three steps, the first removed sediments, the second objectionable odors and colors and the third harmful bacterium and viruses. Price is Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 7,000. The be 10% of the target market ow ned neither a filter nor a purifier and seldom boiled their water. Strategic alternative courses of action Market institution Options 1)Whether to go to Licensing 2)Whether to go to Joint Venture )Whether to go to Acquisition 4)Do Nothing Decision Tree Factor to Consider 1)Qualitative information 2)Quantitative analysis 3)Recommendation Qualitative breeding Foreign Investment in India Licensing Involves supplying key purifier components and license fees will be calculated by per unit basis over the item of the promise Joint Venture Company Involves partnering with an existing Indian company and splitting profit equally. Acquisition Involves purchasing an existing Indian company, then expand to include the water purifier with this arrangement.All profit will belong to Mercan Systems, Inc. Three Business Plans for Indian 1. Apply for market entry to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board, Secretariat for industrial Approvals, Ministry of Industries. 2. Approval of any royalties and fees, remittances of dividends and interest by Reserve Bank of India, Ministry of Finance. 3. A consulting firm has assured Chatterjee that approval is Virtually guarantee by his consulting firm. Attractiveness of the Indian Market Tax Rates and Average Return on Assets Corporate tax rates in India probably were somewhat higher than in the United States The average return on assets for all Indian corporations in recent year was almost 18%, for United States corporations was about 11%. Delight Purifier Uses a combination of technologies to remove four types of contaminants found in potable water sediments, organic and inorganic chemicals, microbials or cysts, and objectionable tastes and odors. This technology is used to purify water to a level beyond WHO standards. There were two models that were countertop and wall-mount. Positioned as a quality productCompetitors There are many competitors though the three major competitors are constantan Forbes This is a Joint venture company be tween Electrolux (Sweden) and Forbes Cambell (India) which began operations in 1982. The company first brand name was Aquaguard (used ultraviolet rays to kill bacteria and viruses) with a price of Rs. 5,500 and second brand was Puresip (used polyiodide resin to kill bacteria and viruses) with unit price of Rs. 2,000. The company used 2,500 person salesforce (directly on households) to sell Aquaguard and self-reliant dealers to sell Puresip Ion ExchangeThe company began operation in 1964, they use brand name was ZERO-B (Zero-Bacteria). The product ZERO-B purifiers uses a halogenated resin technology which helped prevent iodine deficiency diseases and permitted purified water to be stored up to eight hours without fear of recontamination. Consumer needs to replace the halogenated resin at a represent of Rs. 200 every year. Singer This is a company that might be a suitable partner to manufacture and distribute the Delight purifier. Singers product contained nine stages (removed sedim ents, heavy metals, bad tastes, odors, and colors, killed bacteria and viruses, fungi, and nematodes).The product life of flow rate is at 3. 8 liters per minute was at 40,000 liters (4. 4years for 25 liters per day), but slower liters per minute was 70,000 liters (7. 6 years for 25 liters per day). They described their product as state of the art and singer was a well-known and respected brand name in India Other competitors include The Delta Is a carbon copy of Aquaguard, Alfa Water Purifiers, Symphonys Spectrum, The Sam Group is Water Doctor purifier, and lastly Batliboi Other Relevant Information about competition Sales volume of ZERO-B and Singer was around 60,000 units in 1996. Sales volume of Aquaguard and Puresip was 190,000 units. More than 100 Indian companies made and marketed candle filters. All of purifier sales came from prominent urban areas and only ten to fifteen percent of the entire Indian population could be reached. Pros & Cons of alternative means of entry L icensing Pros There is relatively low risk and low cost associated with this alternative. Also there will be no need for Mercan to study Indias culture Cons Mercan will not have harbour over activities of Licensee and they may lose image Joint venturePros Mercan will be actively involved and would have control over business activities Cons High cost and high risk is involved. There will be low returns and long-term payback period Acquisition Pros Cost savings and fewer local restrictions may come with this mode of entry Cons High cost and high risk is involved Distribution Channel/ Place used by competitors Eureka Forbes Uses 2,500 persons sales force and independent dealers. Ion Exchange Uses door-to-door sales force and consumer advertising. Singer Uses 3,000 independent dealers, 210 owned showrooms, and 400 salesmen.Product Price Product Positioning Activities of competitors Promotion Eureka uses Television, newspaper and magazine advertising Ion Exchange uses Television advert ising while Singer uses television, newspaper, outdoor and transit advertising. Quantitative Analysis Licensing Capital cost of fruit facilities and equipment = $30,000 Cost of office facilities and equipment = $5,000 Annual fixed cost ranged between $15,000 $40,000 Average royalty = Rs. 300 Total cost (min) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $15,000 = $50,000 Total cost (max) = $30,000 + $5,000 + $40,000 = $75,000 Exchange rate is 1$ = Rs. 35 B/E (min) = ($50,000 x 35) ? 300 = 5,834 units B/E (max) = ($75,000 x 35) ? 300 = 8,750 units Joint Venture/ Acquisition- Four Regions (110,000Units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000Rs. 8,000,000 set(p) CostRs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000Rs. 7,000,000Rs. 14,000,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv12,308units16,000 units26,667 units40,000 units B/E character10,770 units28,000 units23,334 units70,000units % market9. 79%25. 45%21. 21%63. 64% Total Contri bution contribution*110,000)Rs. 71,500,000Rs. 55,000,000Rs. 33,000,000Rs. 22,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- Two regions (55,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 4,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000Rs. 4,000,000Rs. 7,200,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv6,154units8,000 units13,334 units20,000 units B/E contribution6,154 units14,400 units13,334 units36,000units % market11. 19%26. 18%24. 24%65. 45% Total Contribution (contribution*55,000)Rs. 35,750,000Rs. 7,500,000Rs. 16,500,000Rs. 11,000,000 Joint Venture/Acquisition- National Market (430,000units) SkimmingPenetration DealersalesforceDealerSalesforce Initial InvRs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000Rs. 30,000,000 Fixed CostRs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000,000Rs. 40,000,000Rs. 88,000,000 ContributionRs. 650/UnitRs. 500/unitsRs. 300/unitRs. 200/unit B/E Inv41,154units60,000 units100,000 units150,000 units B/E contribution61,539 units176,000 units133,333 units440,000units % market14. 31%40. 93%31%102. 3% Total Contribution (contribution*430,000)Rs. 279,500,000Rs. 215,000,000Rs. 129,000,000Rs. 6,000,000 Recommendation From both quantitative and qualitative analysis strategical focus on rural or smaller urban areas would not be wise, at least at the start. Cost of skilled labor in India was around Rs. 20 to Rs. 25. Mercan Systems Inc. should find an Indian partner. Joint Venture/ Acquisition using the skimming pricing strategy with dealers will be most profitable. guide to use promotion like TV commercial, magazines etc. The company can invest 1% of total contribution for promotion activities by using TV commercials and magazines (1% of 279,500,000= Rs. 2,795,000 advertising).

Shakespeare: Foreshadowing in Macbeth

William Shakespeare has been, and continues to be, one of the most famous writers of all time. His writings, specifically playwrights, include varieties of different writing techniques that never fail to have the attention of audiences of all ages.One of his most famous tragedies Macbeth is certainly no disappointment. Though Macbeth is one of his shortest tragedies, Shakespeare takes the brokers of madness, evilness, and jealousness and wraps them up into a timeless tale chock full of literary elements.One of the most studied and most profound literary elements found in Macbeth is foreshadowing. Foreshadow verb be a warning or indication of (a future event). auspicate gives the audience a hint of what is to uprise without completely giving away the event, though it lead make sense after the event happens.The first instance of foreshadowing we recognize in Macbeth is found in Act 1, Scene 1 in the three witches prophecies. We see the three witches show up triple times thro ughout Macbeth to hint at the future.The reader immediately sees an example of the prophecies in Act 1, Scene 1 when the witches are talking about clashing Macbeth. They say that they will meet him when the battles lost and won (Act 1, Scene 1).Logistically, this phrase makes sense because every battle will have a loser and a winner, however when we look at the deeper meaning of this phrase, it shows the witches recurring double meaning way of speaking that will eventually give spurious hope to Macbeth in the ending battle scenes.We see another example of foreshadowing in the Act 1, Scene 1 witches prophecies of Macbeth as well. All of the witches come together and yell Fair is foul, and foul is fair (Act 1, Scene 1). The element of this phrase recurs throughout Macbeth to show the differences between reality and appearance.Macbeth quotes a similar random variable of this phrase in his first entrance when he says So foul and fair a day I have not seen (Act 1, Scene 3). The day it self, the weather, is foul, but the days events have proven fair because they have won the battle.This witch prophecy contradicts reality and appearance and foreshadows that there will be many events in the future that may look fair to the eye, but are, in reality, foul. One final example of foreshadowing that we see in the introduction of Macbeth is when the witches come to meet Macbeth and Banquo.Each witch greets Macbeth with a separate title Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King hereafter (Act 1, Scene 3). This foreshadowing is a little to a greater extent obvious than the others in the fact that it is clear Macbeth will be given these three titles at some point in his life.The witches fail to mention, however, the manner in which these titles will be achieved, which we know to be a maddening venture for Macbeth and his wife. Foreshadowing, no matter how bold or subtle, is a key literary element in Shakespeares Macbeth.The three witches prophesize the upcoming events in Mac beth, adding to the suspense and adventure of the writing. The foreshadowing and other literary elements in Macbeth help maintain such a classic piece of tragedy literature that will stand the test of time.

Assignment 2- Database Modeling and Normalization

Assignment 2- Database simulate and Normalization Dr. Amir Afzal Strayer University- CIS 515 August 7, 2012 Abstract selling high end electronics is big business and being a commissioned employee in that field if your sales are up means big money. Prices for electronics undulate from the low hundreds into the thousands. It really depends on the person style, specifications they are looking for, trust in the brand, and the depth of their pockets, how a great deal a person is willing to spend for standard on a that high definition led plasma television that is 52 inches.No matter the cost, businesses want to keep a track of the sales of their employees and how much they are getting give. In this case a high-end electronics store wants to streamline data processing to enable them to help determine the commissions paid to employees. Assignment 2- Database Modeling and Normalization Streamlining processes yields development to be available to users across the system. In order for the pay surgical incision to be able to find the commission paid to employees information that maybe held by other departments such as human resources will be needed.Once the database is complete and has all the information such as employee depression and last name, employee ID, yearly salary, commission rate, department, etc, the finance department can then being to generate that information. In this case a query is designed to allow the finance department to determine commissions paid to employees of specific departments. That figure will be compared to the code that would show how much total compensation is paid to apiece employee monthly. Lastly it will be described how Big Data could be used to assist in productivity and forecasting of organizations product and resources.Methods After information is gathered about the employee most of what was mentioned before, and input into the system a query can be designed to gazump that information from the tables. In order to pull i nformation from tables the SELECT manoeuver is used to determine the information that is needed and the FROM function tells from what tables to pull it (Coronel, Morris & Rob, 2012). The coding that was used to find information on commissions paid to employees was SELECT Employee. * FROM Employee, Invoice WHERE (DepartmentID =2)The asterisk next to employees indicates that all the information under the employee table was used to generate the search. In this query information was pulled from the employee and invoice tables. The WHERE function more specifically states the department which can be changed and it would generate new information. The query currently only shows employee commission information for employees who work in department two (see attachment). If the finance department wanted to find the total compensation paid to each employee in the same month as the first query a slightly different query would be run to generate that information.The first code simply pulled the i nformation and did not include and computation because the finance department only requested to be able to determine as in pull up the record for employees commission paid. The second code will include computation which will divide the yearly salary by twelve months then multiples the commission rate by the total meter of product sold and lastly add those two numbers together to get the total compensation for that month. Unfortunately the coding that I am victimization is not generating a proper result.However, it should look something like this SELECT Employee. EmpNumber, Employee. EmpFirstName, Employee. EmpLastName, Employee. YrlySalary, Invoice. InvAmount, Invoice. InvDate, Employee. CommissionRate FROM Employee INNER JOIN Invoice ON Employee. EmpNumber = Invoice. EmpNumber WHERE (DepartmentID=2), it is missing the computation part. Big Data could be used to assist in productivity and forecasting of organizations product and resources because it takes large pools of data that c an be brought together and analyzed to discern patterns and make go decisions.It enhances productivity and creates significant value for the world economy by reducing waste and increasing the quality of products and services (Mcguire, 2012). Additionally, Big Data adds value by making information transparent store more transactional data in digital form, and develop the next generation of products and services (Mcguire, 2012). That last nerve of Big Data allows manufacturers are using data obtained from sensors embedded in products to create innovative after-sales service offerings such as proactive maintenance to debar failures in new products (Mcguire, 2012).References Coronel, C. , Morris, S. , & Rob, P. (2012). Database systems. (10th ed. ). Independence, KY Cengage. Mcguire, T. (2012, July). Why big data is the new competitive advantage. Retrieved from http//www. iveybusinessjournal. com/topics/strategy/why-big-data-is-the-new-competitive-advantage Appendix A Appendix B

Season Descriptive Essay

Are the birds peacefully hiring, or are the waves violently crashing into shore? Can you smell the salty air? Can you feel the rimy breeze striking your face? Your job is to construct an essay about a day during your favorite season in thorough, specific detail. You need to make unnecessary in a manner that pass on appeal to your readers. Show significance and meaning of your favorite season throughout your writing piece by providing a vision for your readers, using sentences that show rather than tell, and using details that evoke all of the senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell).Try to make an exciting introduction that will hook your reader, and remember that you moldiness end your writing piece appropriately. Point of view you must write in the FIRST PERSON. Example The word dog can be see in a variety of different imaginations. Your reader might be thinking of a two-pound, chocolate-brown Chihuahua. Another reader might be imagining a 140-pound, black-and-white-speck led great Dane. Notice the more precise adjectives? The precise breeds are used as descriptive nouns. In addition to detailed adjectives and nouns, you should also have detailed verbs.Think of the difference between having these two dogs interacting and barking playfully with apiece other. Requirements Describe your day during your favorite season in 3-5 paragraphs. Make sure each paragraph is clear and organized. (Include front sentence, body, conclusion sentence. ) Write a focused, descriptive essay using precise, remarkable and vivid detail (be sure to consider all senses). Carefully consider what shew you are trying to make about the season and make sure all details are clear to the reader. Title the essay with a unique title that captures the essence of the essay. Ex A Scorching Summer Day Blooming into Spring) Face- Focus Correction Areas As a reminder, Face are items you will be graded on. However, you should still be paying close attention to items such as spelling and grammar. Type these in the upper right gain corner across from your heading. Your Face for this assignment are Paragraph Structure 120 (Topic sentence, detailed evidence, conclusion) Figurative Language /30 (At least one of each simile, metaphor, personification) Imagery (At least two of each touch, asset, smell, sound, sight) Helpful Tips Provide purpose for your day during your favorite season writing piece.

Literal Translation Essay

A naive view of literal translation might be that it consists in the one for one electrical switch of the word forms of the target language for the word forms of the source language. This is what normally meant by the term literal translation. Yet , this view is unrealistic. unfeigned translation, also cognize as direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word (Latin verbum pro verbo) rather than conveying the sense of the authentic. Literal translations thus usually mis-translate idioms.Also, in the context of translating an analytic language to a synthetic language, it renders even the grammar unintelligible. A literal English translation of the German word Kindergarten would be children garden, scarce in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to pass water new lexical items in the target language ( a process also known as loan translation) are called calques, e. g. , beer garden from German Biergarten. Literal translation of the Italian sentence, So che questa non va bene (I know that this is not good), produces Know(I) that this not go(it) well, which has English words and Italian grammar. Further more, literal translation of idioms is a source of numerous translators jokes and apocrypha. The following famous example has often been told both in the context of newbie translators and that of machine translation when the sentence The spirit is strong, notwithstanding the flesh is weak was translated into Russian and then back to English, the result was The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten. This is generally believed to be simply an amusing story, and not a literal reference to an actual machine translation error 1. Literal translation quite a little also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style , beauty, or poetry. Charles Singletons translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation.In goal , A literal translation is a translation thatfollows closely the form of the source language Also known as word-for-word translation. This translation can not be applied in nature, because it will result sentences can not be understood . literal translations can actually result in mis-communication of the meaning of the text. The point is, of course, that the translators have decided to translate words, but not larger semantic units such as phrases.

Actus Reus – Paper

ACTUS REUS OMISSION & CAUSATION The general basis for imposing financial obligation in immoral integrityis that the def terminationant must be turn out to harbor committed a guilty playact whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements be collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the primal duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such induction the defendant will be acquitted.ACTUS REUS An actus reus consists of more than just an act. It also consists of whatever circumstances and con periods are recognised for liability for the offence in question in different words all the elements of an offence other than the mental element. The term actus reus has been given a much wider meaning by Glanville Williams in his outlaw law. He says When he use the technical tern actus reus we include all the external circumstances and consequences specified in the rule of law as constituting the forbidden situation.Reus must be taken as indicating the situation specified in the actus reus as on that, given any necessary mental element, is forbidden by law. In other words, acus reus means the whole definition of the offensive activity with the exception of the mental element and it even includes a mental element in so far as that is contained in the definition of an act. Actus reus includes negative as well as positive elements. For example, as stared earlier, the actus reus of murder is the causing of termination of a person.It also includes circumstances, such as the person whose close has been caused was not as a consequence of a sentence or death given to him or that the death was caused within the territorial reserve jurisdiction of the state. OMISSIONS IN CRIMES Omissions are controversial for two main reasons_ first, whether and to what extent it is justifiable omissions rather than acts and secondly, whether liability for omissions rather than act urgency in barbarous law. Pursuing the second orchestrate here, much has been make above of the importance f requiring proof that the defendant voluntarily did something to produce prohibited share or consequence. In so far as this can be termed an act exigency, are omissions a true exception to it? If they are, is this another argument against criminalizing them? single much-discussed preliminary question is the distinction between acts and omissions. Sometimes it is argued that certain verbs imply action and thitherfore exclude liability for omissions, and that the criminal law should respect. The distinctions flowing from this. slope courts return often used this linguistic or interpretive approach.It has led to a variety of decisions in different statutes, without much discussion of the general principles inherent omissions liability. The law commissions considerably draft criminal code white thorn be state to signal the continuation of this approach, by redefining the homicide offences in terms of causing death rather than effaceing, and refining the defile offences in terms of causing damage, rather than damaging, so as to leave fully clean the courts the possibility of so constructing the relevant (statutory) provisions as to impose liability for omissions.The draft cod would thitherfore remove any linguistic awkwardness in saying, for example, that a parent killed a nipper by failing to feed it scarce it does so in this specific instance, and without proclaiming a general principle, that the act requirement may be fulfilled by an omission of a duty can be established. Attachment to the vagaries of the language is no proper basis for delineating the boundaries of criminal liability.In some situations the courts, following the linguistic approach, have nevertheless found themselves able to impose omissions liability. In Speck (1977)3 the defendant was charged with committing an act of gross indecorum with or towards a child. The evidence was that an 8 yr old girl placed her hand on his trousers over his penis. he allowed that hand to remain thither for some minutes, causing him to have an erection.The court of appeal held that the defendants failure to remove the hand amounted to an invitation to the child with the act, or it created a duty in an adult to puzzle an end to the innocent touching of this kind, with omissions liability for not fulfilling the duty. The analysis is similar to that in miller (1983) where D fell asleep whilst smoking, woke up to find the mattress smouldering, exactly simply left the room and went to sleep elsewhere. He was convicted of causing criminal damage by fire, on the basis that a person who initiates a sequence of events nnocently and then fails to do anything to stop the sequence should be regarded as having caused the whole sequence. On this view the conduct constitutes a single, continuing act Miller caused the damage because he took no steps to extinguish the fire he had innocently started. It must be doubted whether these efforts to find an act which then coincides in point in point of time with defendants knowledge and intentions are convincing. surely the courts are imposing liability for an omission on these cases, by recognizing that a duty arises.Speck is a gnomish different from miller since the original act of the speck was of the girl, and the duty must therefore amount the recognition of an obligation on an adult to put an end to the indecent yet innocent touching by a child. In so far as these decisions appear to extend the statutory wording, are they objectionable on grounds of retroactivity and lack of fair warning, or defensible as applications of existing common law doctrine to new situations?In other situations it seems attainable to offer plausible reasons for regarding the same event as either an act or an omission, and in some cases the courts have sought to exploit this ambiguity when transaction with problematic medical issues. Yet it is one thing to say that a healthcare professional who decides not to replace an empty bag for a drip-feed has made an omission, whereas switching a ventilator off is an act is another thing to maintain that the act-omission distinction should be crucial to any determination of the criminal liability in the two situations.In Airedale NHS trust v bland (1993)the house of lords held that it would be lawful for a compensate to withdraw treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state, even though death would inevitable be hastened by that conduct. The house held that the withdrawal of treatment would constitute and omission, and thus regarded the duties of the doctor as the central issue. The decision was that the doctor a doctor has no duty to continue life supplying treatment when it is no longer in the best interest of the patient, having regard to responsible medical opinion. hitherto the c ourt of appeal declined to adopt this subterfuge in Re A(conjoined twins Surgical separation), holding that the functional separation of the twins would undoubtedly an act, and subsequently deciding that carrying out an operation which would result in the death of one twin in order to however the life of other could be justifies on the grounds of necessity. This demonstration of the fragility of the act-omission distinction of the vagaries fthe English language indicates that it may be simplistic to oppose omissions liability in the principle.There are some clear cases of omission in which it is desirable to have criminal liability, such as the parent who neglects to feed her or his child or neglects to protect it from abuse. Omissions can be in volunteer or not, in the same way as acts and provided, that the harm resulted because D failed to intervene, it can be argued that omissions are also causes. Omissions liability ay therefore satisfy the principles that no one should be he ld liable for bodily movements that he or she did not or could not direct.It may also satisfy the principle that no person should be held liable for the conduct or consequences that he or she did not cause. But one point of the act requirement is to exclude liability for mere thoughts that do not result in some bodily movement, and omissions fall foul to that. They do so for a good reason that certain positive duties to act are so important that they can even uply be made the subject of criminal liability. Of course, such a duty should also be defined with sufficient certainty and made known to those affected by it.So long as these clod requirements are fulfilled there can be no fairness objection to holding a person liable, provided that he or she is capable of victorious some steps to carry out the duty. CAUSATION IN CRIMES An event is very often the result of a number of factors. A factor is said to have caused a particular event if, without that factor or, the event would no t have happened. Thus, a man is said to have caused the actus reus of a crime, if, that actus would not have occurred without his participation in what was done. Some casual relationships has to be established between his conduct and the prohibited result.A man is usually held criminally liable only for the consequences of his conduct as he foresaw, (or is crimes of negligence, he ought to have foreseen). The act must be the causa causans, ie, the immediate or proximate cause of the effect. When the facts are direct and simple, then establishing the causal nexus between the act and the effect may not be difficult, as for instance in a case of person jibe another person and thereby killing him. The causation can also be without any direct physical act. if the victim asks his way on a dark night nd the criminate with the intention of causing his death, directs him to a path that he knows will bring him to a cliff edge , and the victing suffers a fatal fall, this is clearly murder, t hough the accused has done nothing more than utter words. This can be true in cases of abetment, incitement and conspiracy. In the instances express above, it is not difficult to establish the direct result between the cause and the effect. The difficulty arises only in cases of multiple causation, where it is difficult to establish the imputability. Example A, intending to kill B but only wounds him very slightly.A clearly has the requisite mens rea for murder, that is, he foresees and desires Bs death. Not let us assume that on his cosmos ta ken to the hospital in an ambulance, a piece of masonry from a building falls on the ambulance and kills B or, alternatively, that B has a rare rip disease which prevents his blood from coagulation so that the slight wound leads to his death, which it would not have done if he had not been suffering from this disease or, alternatively, that B refuses to have the wound treated and dies of blood poisoning, which would not have occurred if B h ad had the wounded treated.In all these cases, a problem of causation arises, i. e. , did A cause Bs death for the purposes of the criminal law so that he can be convicted of murder? If the result is too remote and accidental in its occurrence, then there is no criminal liability. CAUSATION AND NEGLIGENCE The difficulty of causation arises very often n cases of negligence. It has t be established that first, the conduct of the person was delinquent and secondly, that but for the negligent act of accused, the accident would not have occurred. In other words, the actus reus should be causally connected to the act, which should be proved to be a negligent.In order to impose criminal liability under S 304A, IPC, it is essential to establish that death is the direct result of the rash or (and) negligent act of the accused. It must be causa causans the immediate cause and not enough that it may be quasa sine qua non, ie, proximate cause. There can be no conviction when rashness or negli gence of third party intervenes. In Suleman rahiman mulani v state of Maharashtra the Supreme Court has approved his rule. In Suleman rahiman mulani the accused who was impulsive the jeep struck the deceased, as a result of which he sustained serious injuries. The ccused put the injured person in the jeep for medical treatment, but he died. Thereafter, the accused cremated the body. The accused was charged under s304A and 201 of the IPC. As per s 304A, there must be direct nexus between the death of a person and rash and negligent act of the accused that caused the death of the deceased. It was the case of the prosecution of the accused had possessed only a scholarly persons emancipation and hence was guilty of causing the death of the deceased. The court held that there was no presumption in law that a person who possesses only a learners license or possesses no license at all, does not know driving.A person could for various reasons, including sheer indifference, might not have been taken a regular license . there was evidence to show that the accused had driven the jeep to various places on the previous day of occurrence. So earlier the accused convicted under s304A, there must a proof that the accused drove in a rash and negligent manner and death was a direct consequence of such rash and negligent manner. In the absence of such evidence no offence under s 304A was made out. The accused was acquitted of the charges. MINIMAL CAUSATIONWhen death of a person is caused after medical treatment, it cannot be said that the treatment was not proper or inadequate, or had come apart treatment been given, the death would not have taken place. This is because, the intervention of the doctor is in the nature of minimum causation and hence its intervention would have compete only a minor part, if any, in causing death. As far as the IPC is concerned, explanation 2 of s 299 specifically states that if an act causes death, even death could have been avoided by prope r remedies and skilful treatment, the act shall be deemed to have caused death and the person will be criminally liable.If death results from an injury voluntarily caused, the person who causes the injury, therefore, is deemed to have caused the death, although the life of victim might have been saved if proper medical treatment, provided that it was administered in good faith by a effective physician or surgeon. In Moti singh v state of uttar Pradesh the deceased gayacharan had trustworthy two gunshot wounds in the abdomen which were dangerous to life. The injury was received on February 1960. There was no evidence when he was discharged from the hospital and whether he had fully recovered or not.He, however, died on march 1 1960. His body was cremated without pip mortem being done. The supreme court held that the two gunshot injuries were dangerous to life were not sufficient for holding that gyancharans death, which took place about lead weeks after the incident, was on accoun t of the injuries received by him. The court observed that in order to prove the charges on gyancharans murder, it was necessary to establish that he had died on account of injuries received on him.Since, the was no evidence to establish the cause of death, the accused could not be said to have caused the death of gyancharan. A crucial aspect highlighted by the court in the case was that the connection between the primary cause and the death should not be too remote. CONCLUSION Causation is a entangled topic, with which we have been able to deal only brief here. Proof of causation is often said to be an essential precondition of criminal liability, but there is reason to doubt the generality of that requirement, notably in respect of accomplice liability and vicarious criminal liability.Rather than insisting on a universal requirement of causation, it may be preferable to argue that liability should be negatived, in general, by the voluntary intervening act of another. Several crit icisms of the judicial approach to three exceptional categories of case hace been advanced above. Often the explanations given by the courts are unconvincing. Whilst the traditional or standard causal theory emphasizes the significance of the last voluntary act, there is no reluctance to took wider or to massage the term voluntary in certain situations, especially where D clearly stated that the sequence of events by doing a wrongful act.The challenge is to re-examine the intuitions that lead judges and others to their conclusions (the wrongful act theory, the approach to medical mistakes etc. ) with a view to constructing a law that ensures that the courts respect the various principles . BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. P. S. A. Pillai Criminal law 2. Glanville Williams book on criminal law 3. www. lawteacher. com 1 . Page 427, principles of criminal law, Glanville williams 2 . Duff, criminal attempts, 317-20 Glanville Williams 3 . 65 CR App R 161. 4 . (1983) 2 AC 161 5 . Criticisms by jc s mith (1982) Crim LR 527 and 724, and D.Husak, philosophy of criminal law(1987), 176-8 6 . See I. M Kennedy, Treat me right (1988) 169-74 7 . (1993) AC 789 8 . 4 ALL ER 961 9 . Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (s) 394, aand the new duty by the domestic violence, crime and victims act 2004. 10 . Glanville Williams, criminal law- causation) 11 . Rustom sherior Irani v state of Maharashtra(1969) ACC Cj 79 (SC) 12 . Md rangawalla v state of mahaarashtra AIR 1965 13 . However a driver is expected to anticipate reasonably foreseeable negligent act to road users as contributory negligence has no application in criminal law. 14 . Re san pai (1936) 14 rang 643

Debate Winners Summary Essay

Over the past few weeks, my gathering and I have been in a constant debate about the pros and cons of legalizing guns in the fall in States. This has been a constant debate that has been going on for sometime now. My group and I had the opportunity to really research both sides thoroughly. It was amazing to find out the citizens of America were truly divided on the decision for guns to be legalized. According to The Resnick articile (1999), In 2008, the United States Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), held that the Second A manpowerdment to the United States Constitution protects an individuals right to possess a firearm for private use in spite of appearance the home in federal enclaves. In 2010, in McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. __ (2010), the Supreme Court held that the right of an individual to discover and bear arms protected by the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and applies to the st ates.That American citizens have a right to own firearms is conclusive and irrefutable. Due to this argument, its further right for the people of America to embrace the right to protect your homes and family by having the right to purchase a weapon. People also value the right to have a gun for personal pleasure. There ar men and women that enjoy the sport of hunting and those of us that love to go out to a wind and shoot at target. According to The Pros & Cons (2014), if we opt non to legalize guns, we would potentially increase Black commercialize trade and ruin commercial trade, hinder evidence for prosecution, influence effects of socialism and totalitarianism to be seen upon a countrys social and government infrastructures.Some people view guns as not being safe at all. People feel there atomic number 18nt enough restrictions for guns. There are far too many people with criminal backgrounds that have direct access to guns. Guns have been viewed as beingan addition to viol ence. Over the years, weve seen children shooting children with their parents gun. Guns are easily accessible on the Black Market. Terrorists are utilizing guns to bully our citizens. According to Messerli (2012), Suicides and crimes of passion are higher with gun availability, as its much easier to act immediately on your impulses when a gun is available. As we can see, one could contend that we should ensure that guns remain legal in the U.S. and one could argue that we shouldnt. Based on the information read, my group and I have come to the conclusion that the pros to legalizing guns should definitely win this argument. No one wants to violate the rights of the men and women of America.ReferenceResnick, R. (1999). The Second Amendment Is Not Negotiable. Retrieved from http//www.frontpagemag.com/2012/ron-resnick/the-second-amendment-is-not-negotiable/The Pros & Cons (2014, January 29). Pros and Cons Gun Control. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http//theproscons.com/pros-cons-of-g un-control.Messerli, J. (2012). BalancedPolitics.org. Retrieved from http//www.balancedpolitics.org/gun_control.htm

Heritage Of India

India is blessed with a vast and blue heritage. One has only to see the various architectural marvels and cultural institutions that dot the geographic expanse of India to glimpse the richness of our heritage.The science and technology of ancient India was quite advanced. Many historians believe that virtu on the wholey of the scientific advances believed to have been made in Europe had been achieved centuries ago in India. Such advances covered study fields of human knowledge and activities like mathematics, astronomy, physics, medicine, metallurgy, surgery, fine arts, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding, navigation, etc.Indian mathematicians have made grievous contributions to the study of the decimal number system, zero, negative numbers, arithmetic and algebra. The study of linguistics was initiated by Indian grammarians who began the switch off by first attempting to catalogue and codify the rules of Sanskrit. Even today, the main terms for compound analysis a r taken from Sanskrit.India is the birthplace of Ayurveda and Yoga these systems are now finding many followers in the West. Indias rich spiritual tradition has attracted many troubled Westerners, fleeing the materialistic and spiritually empty worlds they inhabit, to her shores, seeking solace and salvation. Indias urban civilization traces its roots to Mahenjodaro and Harappa, now in Pakistan.Their planned urban townships were very advanced for their time. Metallurgy is cardinal to most civilizations. The science of smelting was highly refined and precise in ancient India. As early as the 5th century BC, Herodotus, the eminent Greek historian, noted that iron was used in the arrows used by Indian and Persian soldiers.The idea of the atom is derived from the classification of the material world into five basic elements by Indian philosophers. This classification has been in existence since the Vedic age (c.1500 BC). Indian monuments testify to the different influences in her histo ry Buddhist, Indo-Saracenic, Victorian, Mughal, etc.Classical Indian music and dance have a wide fan following all over the world. Each state has its own art forms which are well documented. Imposing and architecturally pure temples, mosques and churches embody the diverse religious and cultural influences that have made India unique. Cuisine too is an important percent of our heritage.As Indians, we ought to be proud of our rich heritage and strive to preserve it for our descendants by respecting it and ensuring its survival.

12 Angry Men Analysis – 2

naught could forecast that a low budget movie with 12 divers(prenominal) actors performing in atomic deed 53 single room could affect in such a remarkable degree several sciences ex metamorphoseable law, business, psychology etc. The movie, based on the scenario that a 12 appendage control board crowd is intimately to settle d experience through a certain procedure if a offspring boy is going to governing body the death penalty or not, tooshie be linked with m many(prenominal) theories referring to leadership or convention/team work. Influenced by the Group Effectiveness Model of Schwarz (2002), the structure of the group along with the context and the surgery atomic number 18 full of life for its effectiveness (Eirini Flouri & Yiannis Fitsakis 2007).In the setoff fall in of the film when the stage of forming, as it is claimed by the Tuckmans Team Model, occurs, we notice the main characteristics of this group(David A. Buchanan & Andrej Huczynski, 2010). The group consists of 12 male middle aged white custody probably coming from the middle class. Even from this graduation exercise impression, admiring the effort of the film to achieve diversity, signs of prejudice appear. Specifically, the situation that all of them argon men and moreover white men represents main biases of that period.Additionally, as it is menti peerlessd to Sheldons surmise about the biases, the somatotype of individually person decl bes in a certain way its character and this can be noticed by the selection of the characters and their match with the roles (Big guy is the tough unrivaled, smaller and thinner is the virtually innocuous, the handsome is the sensible and sensitive one etc. ) (David A. Buchanan & Andrej Huczynski, 2010). Despite the fact that the movie is trying to prosecute such biases (which will be underlined later) certain ship canal of projection of that period could not be avoided.This is one of the reasons wherefore in the remake of the film in 1997 black actors take leaveicipated as well and later on that usher even women were introduced in the team for certain theatrical versions. (Eirini Flouri & Yiannis Fitsakis 2007). The existence of a one-off situation like this in the movie come forths space for less inhibition for conflicts. Moreover, specific factors like the size, the external-internal environment and the definition of the process gip a crucial role in the structure of the group.Obviously, the size of this group is 12, precisely the question is why so m some(prenominal)? The reason is that by having a greater number of juries the system of justice achieves high levels of democracy with less possibilities of getting unfair decisions combining the memory, the knowledge and the experience of each member and eliminates any disfavor behaviors. On the other hand as Social Impact Theory mentions the more members in that location are, the less responsibility they feel (Latane and Nida, 1980).In the externa l environment we could enclose the time of the procedure, which is unlimited at freshman but with a deadline coming up later onwards, and the conditions of the place of action, which is characterized by the humidity and the high summer temperatures, the lowly air-conditioning, the unavailability of space. Such details could become the cause of stress, aggressiveness and as it was shown desire for fast effect (just finish the procedure). In the internal environment issues like experience of previous similar situations, cultures, privateities, knowledge, mood, health, personal schedule and specialization could affect the result.Ending, a matter of significant importance is the definition of the procedure. In this case, we observe that after the release of the 2 alternatives there are 12 juries left. The juries have to decide if the boy is guilty or not guilty but there must be a full agreement (12 to 0) in each case A pop method which proves the importance of the situation. Alt ernatively, if they cannot reach an agreement they can decide a hung jury and then another trial will take place with different juries this time.The role of the foreman is usually for the most experienced person in this field or the premier(prenominal) jury or for anyone who claims the desire and gets accepted by all. In the movie, juror1 supports this role setting the basic norms of the procedure. It is worth mentioning that nowadays, in the selection of the juries there is a specific procedure that is called Voir Dire procedure that clarifies the capability of the juries (Michael T. Nietzelt and Ronald C. Dillehayt 1982). Undoubtedly, the conviction of the biases of any kind is one of the main objects of this film. Primarily, in the first scheme, the judge seems really ninterested about the outcome and he seems to be sure about the result. The Halo Effect is a judgment based on a single striking characteristic and is being remarked in many cases during the film (Edward Thorndike, 1920). Moving to the main part of the film and the central procedure we can emphasize on the juror3 and juror10 who are the main representatives of such prejudiced behaviors. Both of them were trying to fill the gaps of their knowledge using selective attention in certain facts and their personal experience (Principle of closure by Max Wertheimer 1880-1943).Everyone has his stereotypes and if we imagine stereotypes as pictures in our head, jurors 3 and 10 have the image of a dangerous criminal for the defendant, raised to act in certain ways (Lippmann, 1922). More specifically, juror3 expresses, from his first lines in the film, his perception against the young boy (I d slap those kids onwards). But as the movie goes on, he expresses again and again his personal beliefs connecting them with his personal disappointment from his own son ( its these kids they are these day, I used to call my father Sir).Even more he presents his cultural stereotype against the elderly (How could he b e positive about any involvement? ) Eventually, juror3 stands alone with his perceptions, believing in the boys guiltiness and through a psychological outburst admits that all his statements were based on biases. Similarly, juror10 uses his own belief to create his racial prejudice against the defendant (Ive expected that, You know what we are dealing with) as well as his past experiences (Ive lived with them they are born liars).Adding to this, juror10 weights the value of the young boy less than the cost of a trial. Finally, his explosion made the apocalypse of his real personality and the groups mechanism accused his behavior through a visual isolation and oral prohibition. The existence of biases in each group can create an unpleasant internal environment for each member and be the reason of conflicts. The productivity or the effectiveness of the group is in danger if such behaviors are being tolerated. Apart from the complexity which is created there is also a matter of fairnes s of the groups function.As the movie flows, the influence of the group to each individual separately is obvious but a viciousness versa phenomenon is noticed as well. In this part, the different roles of the jurors and their influence on each other through the communicating style of all-channel are being presented, as well as with some strategies followed by the leader-juror8. One thing that is common for most of the jurors is that they have common BATNA(Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) and this is the hung jury.However, this is not the case for jury8 claims that his only heading is the delivery of the justice (Fisher and Uri, 1981). Starting with juror1 we can notice signs of leadership in the early beginning but he ends up being more like a manager, organizing the procedure. Excluding the moment he reaches his breaking point and suggests if anyone would like to take his place, juror1is the one who sets up the norms, accepts propositions, guides the conversation and t he voting procedure, avoids conflicts and respects privileges keeping a democratic way of thinking.Being the foreman can be characterized as the co-ordinator (Beldins Team Role Theory 1996, 2007). more of the jurors (2, 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12) seem to have low self-esteem not only because of their character but also because of the number of the team that forces them to get lost in the crowd or just finish the procedure and leave (I just think he is guilty, Can I pass? , etc) This is obvious from the first vote where only 5 of the 11 votes come directly and the rest are raised behind just to avoid being pointed out.They are becoming followers(2, 5, 6 and 11) or entertainers (7) or just dreamers (12). Of cross most of them are open to hear more and accept different opinions (2, 5, and 7). The rest just do not care so much about the result and these free riders, as Frohlich and Oppenheimer called them in 1970, are the proof that loving loafing (or Ringelmann Effect) is a common phenom enon in big teams. The role of juror9 has a vital meaning for the outcome because he takes part in all the breaking points of the process.Firstly, he is the first admirer of juror8, secondly it is him who explains the old witnesss psychology (Attention) and lastly he is the fire churl for the fall of the womans testimony. The main opponents to the boys exoneration are jurors 3, 4 and 10. As was mentioned previously jurors 3 and 10 are mostly based on biases and stereotypes for children from slums. They are all turn on general facts and obvious details. The extensive use of loud voice is frequently the main credit line of jurors 3 and 10, which could never strengthen their position.Alternatively, juror4 is using his logic and cleverness to support his facts and admits his fault proving his maturity, once he is convinced. Focusing on juror8 we can claim that he owns the position of the leader as his bargaining condition is unique. Max Weber (1947) claimed that bargaining power is the ability someone has to achieve his goals no matter of the shelter he faces. Juror8 follows a series of strategies in order to be flexible and adapt to the needs of each occasion. In the beginning, as it is shown from Jo-Haris Window, everyone has a bigger unknown-black side, so juror8 wants to get information as an input.Eventually, he adopts the strategy of a listener in order to get knowledge from the others without revealing himself. afterwardwards, in the first vote he stays neutral mentioning his points aiming to make some of the rest see the facts from a different angle avoiding any conflict. The brainstorming procedure just began. In order to wake up their soul he uses specific words like maybe, supposing, possible and assume. In the main part he listens carefully and argues with all the elements one by one. There is also an extensive use of rhetorical questions and irony just to make his point clear.The first action scheme is when he places the similar dig on the ta ble. The leader breaks the law in order to prove his point. He becomes more active for the first time and gets the whole team upset. Eventually, he creates the first doubts. At this specific time he calls for a new vote. Apparently, the timing is not random. Probably he recognizes some voices like his and decides that it is time to set up a coalition strategy. He needs just one vote which will strengthen surprisingly his arguments and he gets it.The fact that he uses his emotional intelligence to point out his views, while he realizes that some other jurors are playing, proves once again his leading abilities. The next step is to create personal dealings with some of the jurors. So, he finds the weakest of the group who are about to change side and ask for their opinions. It is not by accident that these jurors were mainly followers until this time. Having established these connections, he uses logic and science as well as the experience and the knowledge of the group in order to p ersuade the others.As soon as he realizes that one of his main opponents (juror3) loses his self-control, juror8 becomes aggressive and pushes him to the limits using the technique of the irony to apocalypse the existence of his personal prejudice against the defendant. After completing his task, he shows his sympathetic character and supports the worried opponent. Based on Moscovici (1976) and his 5 Aspects juror8 is loyal to his beliefs(Consistency), creditworthy for his acts(Autonomy), flexible whenever it is appropriate(Rigidity), risky in the first secret vote(Investment) and willing to bring justice(Fairness).The impact of this movie in our modern times is initially proved by the fact that after so many long time it is still being taught in courses not only in Law schools but also in Business and Psychology schools. Definitions like brainstorming, social loafing, diversity, team-working, biases and preconceptions, attribution, personality, leaders abilities, democratic voting and many others are part of any organization nowadays. This movie is the omen for the evolutionary development of a team structure, a team-workers behavior and a leaders characteristics. References Atkinson G. 1990 Negotiate the best deal Director Books, Cambridge Barkan, Steven E. , & Steven Cohn, 1994, racial Prejudice and Support for the Death Penalty by Whites in ledger of Research in criminal offense and Delinquency pp. 202209 Buchanan A. David & Huczynski A. Andrej, 2010, Organizational deportment, seventh edition, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow Cialdini R. B. , 1993 The psychology of persuasion, Quill William Morrow, New York Ellsworth C. Phoebe, 1989, argon Twelve Heads Better Than One? in Law and Contemporary Problems, Duke University School of Law Fisher R. & Ury W. 1981 getting to yes Negotiating agreement without gining in Penguin, New York Flouri Eirini & Fitsakis Yiannis, Oct 2007, Minority Matters 12 Angry Men as a fact study of a successful Negotiation again st the odds in Negotitation Journal pp. 449-461 Hackley Susan, 2007 One Reasonable and searching Man12 Angry Men as a Negotiation-Teaching Tool in Negotiation Journal pp. 463-468 Hall & M. Eisenstein (Eds. ), 1980, Voir Dire and jury selection, Clark. B. M. , in Criminal Defense Techniques, New York Mathew Bender hay B. L. 2007 Fiftieth anniversary 12 Angry Men Kent-Law Review 82(3) Chicago Heuer L. Penrodt St. , Sep. 1988, Increasing Jurors Participation in Trials A Field Experiment with Jury Notetaking and Question Asking in Law and tender-hearted Behaviour Vol. 12 No. 3 Janis I. , 1972 Victims of groupthink MA Houghton Mifflin, Oxford Kaplan M. , Jones & Christopher S. , 2003 The Effects of Racially Stereotypical Crimes on Juror Decision-Making and development Processing Strategies in Basic and Applied Social Psychology pp. 1-13 Kew J. & Stredwick J. , 2010, Human Resource Management in a business context, CIPD, London Martin R. , 1992 Bargaining Power Clarendon Press, OxfordM oscovici S. , 1976 Social influence and social change Academic, London Nietzelt T. Michael & Dillehayt C. Ronald, 1982, The Effects of Variations in Voir Dire Procedures in Capital Murder Trials, in Law and Human Behaviour Vol. 6 No. 1 Rojot J. , 1991 Negotiatation From theory to practice Macmillan, London Scheepers, Daan, et al, 2006, Diversity in In-Group prepossess Structural Factors, Situational Features, and Social Functions, in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology pp. 944960 Weber M. , 1947 The theory of social and economic organization Oxford University Press, New York

Investment and Market Risk Premium

Cost of Capital at Ameritrade Day 1 1. What factors should Ameritrade management consider when evaluating the proposed advertising curriculum and technology upgrades? Why? -They should see how revenues have changed after adopting the new ad program and technology upgrades -They engage to see ROI for their investments everyplace time 2. How can the Capital Asset Pricing Model be employ to estimate the court of capital (required reverberation) for calculating the net present value of a projects notes flows? it exit help us determine the Cost of capital or discount rate which we can drill to calculate NPV, in other terms the numerator will never change (FCF), only the denominator will found on the cost of capital3. What is the estimate of the unhazardous rate that should be employed in calculating the cost of capiual for Ameritrades proposed investment? the peril free rate should be the T-bills rate or the norm yearbookized total annual returns on US government securities = 3. %. In my opinion, we should expend the venture-free rate equal to yield of 20-year US government securities, because it is long-term capital investment. We may use 30-year rate, but we ar investing in technology, and c one timerning the zip of technological enhancements, 20-year rate is optimal. So it is 6,69% 4. What is the estimate of the grocery store insecurity premium that should be employed in calculating the cost of capital for Ameritrades proposed investment? Market Risk PremiumThree distinct concepts are part of securities fabrication risk premium 1) Required grocery store risk premium the return of a portfolio over the risk-free rate (such as that of treasury bonds ) required by an investor 2) Historical market risk premium the diachronic differential return of the market over treasury bonds and 3) Expected market risk premium the judge differential return of the market over treasury bonds. Also called loveliness premium, market premium and risk premium.Ma rket Risk Premium = Expected Return of the Market Risk-Free Rate The expected return of the market can be based on the SP 500, for example, while the risk-free rate is a great deal based on the current returns of treasury bonds. First to see to it the Expected Return of the market, from Exhibit 6, We dispatch the aggregate stock market and multiply by 12 = 15. 71% The Risk-free rate is 3. 8% =gt The market risk premium= 15. 7 3. 8 = 11. 9% (That is why we may use the digression mingled with US Government Securities rate (6,69%)and historical Large Company Stocks annual returns.But we have 2 bites during1950-96 and 1929-96. The difference between them is 1,3%. I think that we should use younger value of 14%, because the years 1930-1949, of course, were under market economy, but at the same time there were not so electrostatic laws, a Second World War passed, many companies at that time worked for government orders, so this number may be a bit out of overall tendencies. ) 5. In principle, how would one go nigh determining beta for purposes of calculating the cost of capital for Ameritrades proposed investment?TO calculate Beta for cost of capital, or plus beta We need to find first the Equity Beta = by regressing stock returns over market returns and it will then be the slope. We also need to calculate the market value of the equity of the firm which is the price per share multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding (see attached notes) A cost of capital is a weighted average of the cost of debt and equity. Likewise, the asset beta is the weighted average betas of debt and equity. We use market value proportions of debt and equity (see CAPM, p. 476). Ba = (D/D+E)BetaD+ (E/D+E)BetaEIt is common to assume that debt has no relationship to market risk that BetaD=0 Empirical studies of corporate debt returns suggest it would be better to grant some market-related risk to corporate debt and use estimates ranging from 0. 20 to 0. 30. To get BetaE, the equity beta for Ameritrade, we would normally express a regression of equity returns on stock market returns. That is, we would estimate the slope of the line that opera hat fits Unfortunately, Ameritrade had their IPO (Initial Purchase Offer) in March of 1997, so there is not enough data at the time of the case to calculate a reliable beta estimate.So instead, we will look at same firms. Firms in the same industry pursuing the same types of projects will have the same sorts of risks, thus their asset betas will be approximately the same. The returns we calculate for these firms, based on stock price movement, dividends, and stock splits, are their equity betas. These are influenced by the degree of supplement each company is using (recall that higher leverage leads to higher ROE, EPS and DPS, but also leads to greater variability in earnings).Knowing the amount of debt in their capital structures (at market values), we can calculate the asset beta for each comparable fir m. Then we will average these to use as a proxy for Ameritrades asset beta Note An agent that mediates sales and exchanges between securities buyers and sellers at even lower commission rates than those offered by a regular discount federal agent . As one might expect, deep discount brokers also provide fewer services to clients than amount brokers such brokers typically provide little more than the fulfillment of stock and option trades, charging a flatbed fee for each.The problem that must be overcome in determining the implementation decision is the dubiety of the cost of capital. Other Methods of Estimating Cost of Equity Capital The EP Method r = EPS / Stock Price The eternal Growth (Gordon) Model r = DIV1 / P 0 + g compute g from earnings, dividend, or cash flow growth or use the sustainable growth estimate ? Equity Betas, the relationship of a given equitys risk to that of the larger market, reflects two kinds of risk The risk of the communication channel itself The risk that the debt a business has will prevent cash flow to equity ?We can de-lever these equity betas to take apart out financial risk associated with leverage and find the implied beta for the business itself (asset beta) Asset beta measures the business risk only and does not change with capital structure ? Often, the best way to estimate a forward looking asset beta for a company is to take a median of its industry peers asset betas (historically calculated) since one-time company events in the past will be averaged out ? We can then find the equity beta for the company by re-levering the industry asset beta to the target debt / cap proportionality of the company ?Exhibit 4 provides various choices of comparable firms. Which firms do you recommend as the appropriate benchmarks for evaluating the risk of Ameritrades planned advertising and technology investments? Determine the betas for these firms. Let us agree that Charles Schwab is a comparable firm. Their price changes, dividen ds,and stock split information for 1992-1996 is in Exhibit 5. If there were no stock split, thereturn, compared to the former period, is given by For example, if the price the previous period was $100, then wentup to $104, and in addition had a dividend of $8, the return would be +0. 12, or 12%.In ashort time period, the returns will be much closer to 0. If there is an X for y stock split, use the formula Copy the Return values into Exhibit 6 on board the appropriate dates, then regress theSchwab returns against the value-weighted NYSE returns for the same period. The slopeof the line is the equity beta. Do this for the other comparable firms. Calculate the asset betas using the formula inquestion 5 (twice, once with Beta D = 0 and once with 25. 0). Average the results. This should be a good estimate of Ameritrades asset beta. Finally, put these results back into the equivalence in 2 to estimate Ameritrades cost of capital

How a Virus Finds a Host Essay

Introduction AIDS and the shuttle flu restrain raised concerns about computer computer virus flaks in the public eye. Infectious transfer of virus also very often causes the plebeian cold. We are commensurate to tolerate or overcome the vast majority of viruses, but some of them succeed in causing us to fall ill, even to the header of death. Not every star responds to a virus epidemic in the same charge some overpower the pathogen, man opposites succumb.A fundamental understanding of the record of a virus rouse solve these apparent paradoxes its tool of taking nurse in surviving tissue is also relevant. It is worth noting at the outset that viruses essay for all forms of plants and animals as hosts. Each type of virus has a particular preference of host. A virus is versatile and weed change form with ease.Basic genetic structures and systems A virus is a contour of bridge surrounded by a form of intent and an inanimate object. All living things are make from pe rmutations and combinations of four nucleic acids, adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine. Sequences of nucleic acids form genes. Genes are in turn banded in concert, to form chromosomes.The nucleic acids are joined together by ribose sugars. The latter has one molecule of sugar absent. The structure is entwined in the form of double whorl coils inside the nucleus of each living cells. The latter are grouped together in high forms of life to form tissues and organs. The nucleic acid structure inside each nucleus is called Deoxyribonucleic acid or desoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is used by life forms to take in Ribonucleic acids or ribonucleic acid. ribonucleic acid has ribose sugar with the oxygen molecule missing in DNA. RNA has just one strand of nucleic acids, as opposed to two in DNA. RNA has uracil instead of thymine. RNA moves out from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of living cells. RNA is used to produce proteins, which act as the materials of life forms. DNA and RNA physiology is at the heart of all life. It is a common system from unicellular life forms to human beings. Protein production by RNA and RNA production by DNA is the chemical basis of life. This is a process, which continues without ceasing from conception to death.Insidious nature We are now do to look at the nature and structure of a virus. A virus has a structure mistakable to RNA (Lewin, 744). However, the host DNA does not produce it. It also differs from RNA in that it may learn a protective membrane made of protein.A virus is a kind of imposter. It finds a way inside a cell and abuses the hosts DNA to produce proteins of its own. Since a virus has no DNA, it does not qualify as a life form in the strict sense. However, as it able to use host DNA to produce protein, and since it has the ability to replicate, it shares an intrinsic property of living things. The fine bank note between a virus and a living cell with a nucleus could remain in the academic domain, were it not for the deleterious ability of a virus to threaten well-being and indeed life itself. A mitigating factor is that a virus bay windownot survive on its own it must take shelter within the nucleus of a living cell, and is entirely dependant on the host DNA.Cat and reverse high forms of life, much(prenominal) as human beings, do not surrender to virus attack without a skirmish, and they most often win. A virus enters a host through the medium of foreign living tissue. Bodily discharges such as sputum, blood, semen, and mucus are the most common agents of viral transfer between one living body and another. Transmission is routine if two members of a species are involved.A virus may occasionally adapt from one genus, even an order, or a phylum to another. Thus, an avian virus can infect a mammal, even a human. It can jump from one dame to another some inevitably. computer viruses know that they cannot always hope to find a host of the same species in which they currently put up (Watson e t all, 1016).A virus is always on the search of a new host for its use of the attest hosts DNA can be fatal for that host. The virus will have no use for a dead host, and must hence find a new life to infect. It has authentic a great adaptive capability, and can coiffure to the DNA of a new host, which may be an entirely different form of life in which it has existed before. A bird flu virus in a chicken would like a healthy chicken in which it can spread. Should other chickens be scarce, it will try to infect some other bird it can find.It will settle for a human if it can find no bird or other animal. It is worth repeating that the bird flu virus can move from one bird to another bird or from one bird to a human, only through oral or nasal of anal discharge from the infected and original host. Should the latter be isolated, then the virus is doomed to extinction with the death of its host. Infection is essential for viral transfer. Animal bodies, especially human beings have po werful and sophisticated systems to combat invading viruses. Should a human being touch and ingest some discharge from an infected host, the virus will fetch physical entry, but the body, which it has entered, will not take things lying down. Defense systems in humans and other animals are equipped to celebrate that a rogue pretending to be RNA has entered the body and is nerve-wracking to cheat the DNA to produce proteins for its own use. A virus tries to read the nucleic acid sequence in the DNA of any host that it finds. It then attempts to produce proteins of its own need and choice from the DNA it encounters (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 122). We should hold in in mind that a virus is essentially an imposter in the garb of RNA. It tries to adjust its RNA sequence in a manner such that the host DNA cannot see through the disguise. Higher forms of animal life have defense cells in blood. Soldier cells try to capture foreign virus-loaded tissue as soon as it enters the host . These cells are called macrophages and they contain most invasions by literally swallowing the foreign bodies.This instrument is not necessarily comprehensive, and some particles of the foreign bodies may escape the macrophage confrontation. The sub-microscopic size of a virus authority that a few members of an infectious source may escape the host bodys attention. Virus is then free to enter living cells of the host and start interaction with the DNA. The virus can break up instantly that it now has a different DNA structure. It starts studying the new nucleic acid sequence and sees it can replicate in the changed circumstances. It is now time for the lymphocytes in the host blood to take charge (Despopoulos and Silbernagl, 68)Lymphocytes are of two kinds, B and T. The latter specialize in fighting viruses. They recognize the production of unusual proteins, and detect the viral infection of cells. T lymphocytes kill cells infected by a virus, in a offer up to contain the infe ction. T lymphocytes are produced in the thymus. Healthy individuals have immense capacity for defense and can ward off a majority of virus attacks.A compromise often prevails with the T lymphocytes kind the fight against a virus, though it is unable to destroy all traces of the virus in the host. Such a host then functions as a carrier, living with a low intensity of virus attack without external symptoms of any medical condition. A carrier can infect another individual who may succumb to the virus if its T lymphocyte system does not function well. Cancers of the lymphatic system and malnutrition are the primary reason for a hosts T lymphocytes to fail in protecting a host from virus attack. We must bear in mind, for the question that has prompted this document, that a virus does not have the luxury of choosing a host. It will take any available living cell and try to adjust to the DNA sequence it finds. Nature favors the host the virus will generally fail to break the code, or wi ll perish with the host cell whose code it has broken.Immunity Though anti-retroviral therapy has now entered the realm of reality, nature provides hosts with the capability to recognize a virus and the will to destroy cells infected by viruses. Nature balances such powers by making viruses highly adaptable. They can quickly change their own sequences of acids in bids to escape contracting and to survive. Viruses will also settle for sub-clinical situations in which they are able to survive without killing the host on which it depends. It follows that immunity is a key to fighting viruses. Higher forms of life are equipped with innate capabilities to fight viruses to the extent that the species can thrive, though some proportion of every population falls prey. Hygiene and equilibrate nutrition are the only things that most life forms need to defeat thieving viruses.Works CitedDespopoulos, A and Silbernagl, S, Color Atlas of Physiology, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 1991Heritage, J. G. V. Evans, and R. A. Killington, Introductory Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, 1996Lewin, B, Genes, Oxford University Press, 1997Watson, J. D. Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts. Joan A. Steitz and Alan M. Weiner, Molecular Biology of the Gene, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. (1998)