Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And Social Care Essay

Reproductive Health Among Adolescent Girls Health And societal Care EssayReview of literature is a systemic attend of a published work to gain learning about a re look for topic (Polit and Hungler, 2011). Conducting a review of literature is challenging and an in buildatory hold out.The review of literature was based on extensive tidy sum of books, journals, and multinational nursing indicates. A review of literature relevant to the beat area was chthonian taken which helped the researcher to develop deep into the problem and gain information on what has been in the past.An extensive review of literature was done by the investigator to lay a broad foundation for the report card.For the purpose of coherent sequence the chapter was divided in two parts.2.1 PART I Reviews cerebrate to productive wellness among callow girls.2.2 PART II Reviews related to forte of childish to childish approach on procreative wellness.2.1 PART I Reviews related to reproductive health among adolescent girls.Mc Call-hosenfeld JS et al., (2012) conducted an info-based oeuvre in Pennsylvania they investigated the impact of individual on womens are communicate of a comprehensive panel of hinderance services in a region that includes both urban and rural communities. Outcome variables were a natural covering and vaccination index blood pressure , lipid panel, innerly familial infections or individual level variables includes predisposing factors, enabling and demand based measures. The investigator found that overall use of preventive services, were low individual discrepancy in womens receipt of counselor services is largely explained by mental factors and seeing an gynecologist..Fengy et al., (2012) conducted a cross sectional survey of 17,016 adolescent girls and immatured aged 15-24 yrs old in both rural and urban Asian cites, China, through and through interview and computer assisted self-importance interview for metier questions. To identify the pre dictors percept of homo elicituality. The 40% of adolescent and young adults who hold a positive view of homo informal practice for both males and females. Preferred origin of movies, videos, self identified conjureual orientation, sexual and reproductive health familiarity, family values, gender business office and view towards premarital sex. The most joint and important predictors for a respondents comprehension of homosexuality were his/her knowledge of sexual and reproductive health.Shelia G et al., (2012) conducted a experimental study regarding features of physical and sexual development of reproductive behavior among adolescent girls at Russia. In this esteemment the adolescent reproductive behavior assignment and the factors affecting was made in female adolescents age 14-19yr randomly formed via endless(prenominal)(prenominal) selection information of the state of their health their spatial relations towards child bearing and their encountery habits hire been evaluated. High frequency of menstrual irregularities, 24.7% delayed formation of the bone pelvis, 25.2% the prevalence of chronic external venereal diseases were found.Iliyasuz et al., (2012) conducted a qualitative study regarding sexual and reproductive health chat between stimulates and their adolescent daughters in northbound India Assam. The investigator employed structured interviews and groups to investigate reproductive health colloquy practices among 108 mothers and daughters transcript were analyzed using the grounded theory approach .A tot up of 136 mother reported discussing reproductive issues with their daughters. The majority of daughters acquire reproductive health pedagogics from their mothers parents were much than likely to discuss marriage, menstruation, premarital sex, STI infections and sex cultivation contain to be indueed with knowledge and skills to change the scope and quality of sign -based reproductive health education.Palke VD et al., ( 2011) conducted a study regarding impact of sex education on knowledge and attitude of adolescent trail children in Bihar. Reproductive capability is now in preliminary age, but the subject of adolescent sexuality in most societies, there is a entire spread ignorance about risks are un harbored sex problems among adolescent girls. alas need of sex education is not perceived and fulfilled in India especially in rural areas. The present study was conducted to tax the need and demonstrate the impact of sex education among adolescent school children, by analyzing pre and come out intervention questionnaire and there was a substantive increase in knowledge about sexuality , menstrual hygiene. Sexually transmitted disease, it has significant impact on knowledge of adolescent school children.Ezekwere et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding sex education, sex information, sex practices, among adolescent girls in Nigeria. A native 304 girls selected by multi-stage sampling techniq ue studied primary and subsequent sources of sexuality information, mainly the by the media, partners, families and schools, found that mostly they were not involved in provision of early sexual initiation and un protected sex was greenness among them. The study highlights the need to create a awareness at earlier stage of adolescent period sexual education of adolescent girls through parents and teachers had to be initiated.Wong LP et al., (2011) conducted a large cross sectional study regarding attitude towards dysmenorrheal impact and treatment rendering, among 1,295 adolescent girls (13-19 yrs) from 16 public secondary schools in rural districts of Malaysia. Dysmenorrhea was reported in 76.0% of the participants multivariate analysis shows that being in upper secondary levels was the strongest predictor for poor concentration, absenteeism and poor school outrank due to dysmenorrheal is a normal cycle and only 14.8% sought medical checkup treatment , education should be ext ended to parents and school peer leaders to address the reproductive health needs of adolescents.Lazarus JV et al., (2011) conducted a quasi(prenominal) experimental study regarding reproductive health awareness programme to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior. Reproductive health data was collected from the students aged (11 16 yrs) by using a picture and group discussion. In total 313 questionnaire has distributed, and the mean score in the pre scrutiny knowledge was 5.9 and 6.8 in post essay score was p (0.003), which increased importantly t=4.5, p=0.000. The attitude mean score in pre test was 4.3 in post test was 6.8 which shows the increased significant. The mean behavior pretest score which showed a significant p =0.019. Hence the intervention significantly improved the adolescent reproductive health knowledge attitude.BiscoFreudenthal J et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding creating community awareness of reproductive package infections including STD infecti ons. The aim of this study was thus to explore people perception treatment seeking behavior and understanding of information about RTI/STD. qualitative contact analysis was employed for the data analysis. The major findings was that the most common treatment seeking behavior was taking self medication. Shyness of genital examination, negative attitudes towards dirty diseases. The main media sources of RTI/STI information were piano tuner, TV and other assenting to health information was more difficult. Health education messages should be more findible in rural areas.Van Rossem et al., (2011) conducted the survey to evaluate the legislate and impact of social marketing and reproductive health communication campaigns (selected radio and television programs) regarding family planning and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Zambia. The results evidenced that the reproductive health and social marketing Campaigns in Zambia reached a large percent of the population and had a signifi cant impact. The results suggested that future reproductive health communication campaigns that invest in radio programming may be more effective than those investing in television programming and future campaigns should seek to increase their impact among women.Portillo et al., (2011) conducted a cross sectional study regarding sexual and reproductive health among adolescent girls at High school in Spanish. The study focused to determine the extent of information about preventing sexually transmitted diseases, knowledge and use of contraceptive methods. It includes 641 students who agreed to complete the questionnaire by school. 84.5% students know at least one contraceptive method 84%, It is necessary to establish or strengthen information programme on sexual health for adolescent.Fehr KR et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and use of Folic acidulated in women of reproductive age Folic acid shrivels the risk of neural tube defects 50%, women of reproductive age group should be aware of the importance of the folic acid and neural tube defects. They used ground such as Folic acid knowledge and Folic acid awareness to search articles published, women were although knowledge levels were associated with education and health allot professionals magazines and virgins papers, radio, TV, as common sources of information, and this knowledge will allow them to make informed decisions about Folic acid among women.Mc Call JS et al., (2011) conducted a study regarding preventive counseling among reproductive aged women. Preventive health intervention often occur less frequently among rural women compared to urban is an important feature of comprehensive preventive health care provisions .Data were collected by telephone survey during 2004-2005 participants aged 18-45 yrs in the central Pennsylvanias. The study assessed the independent contribution of counseling for smoking ,alcohol, drug use, birth control ,nutrition, physical activity. Most wome n do not receive recommended preventive counseling, while rural women are less likely than urban women to receive counseling educating rural health care providers about the need for preventive counseling.Jousha et al., (2011) narrated on condom negotiation and experience among sexually active young women in New south wales, Austraila by using feminist narrative approach. Ten womens stories were collected via online interviews. The findings revealed that none of the women initiated or negotiated use of the male condom promotion relies on the r4coginition of the gender factors that deflect young womens condom negotiation and use. Strategies that overcome gender dynamics and empower women to negotiate condom use have the ability to promote condom use among this group.Lawan et al., (2010) conducted a study regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in Gujarat .This study leavend the knowledge and practices of adolescent school in virtually menstruation and me nstrual hygiene .Data was collected quantitatively and analyzed using pre experimental study, the study findings showed that majority had fair knowledge of menstruation, although deficient in specific knowledge areas, most of them used sanitary pads as thirsty during their last menses, changed menstrual dressings about 1-5 times per day and improving access of the adolescent to reproductive health needs.Sivagami, et al., (2010) conducted a qualitative study on community perception and treatment seeking behaviour regarding reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in Lao by using cardinal focus group discussion and 20 in depth interviews. It held among 76 women and 56 men. The major finding was that both male and female participants had a variety of misconceptions about the causes and symptoms of RTI/STIs and their cure and a reluctance to seek health care. The main reasons for not going to health facilities were fear of social contrast or shyness. Th ey suggested strengthening health education and promotion through interventions at the community level to improve the quality of RTI/STI management.Minto et al., (2010) reviewed the efficacy of HIV/STI behavioural intervention and identified factors associated with intervention efficacy for American African females in the United states by using meta- analysis from 37 relevant studies. The results showed that behavioral intervention had a significant impact on reduction in HIV/STI risk sex behavioral. They think as behavioral interventions were sound in preventing HIV and STIs among African American females. They suggested that conducting more research to examine the potential contribution of prevention strategies that attend to community level and to improve communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians.Thakor HG et al., (2010) conducted a STIs prevalence study on knowledge and practices related to STIs and HIV among 125 sex role players in an urban area of Gujarat, Indi a. 85-90% were aware about various symptoms / diseases transmitted by vulnerable sexual practice in male and female. 23.4% took treatment from health worker for such problems 87.9% were aware that consistent use of condom could protect them from HIV infections and 2.6% reported for non treatment of STD.58% were not aware about behavoural changes needed to reduce the risk.2.2 PART II Review related to potentiality of adolescent to adolescent approach on reproductive health.Denison JA et al.,(2012) conducted a quasi experimental study on peer education make a difference an military rank of HIV prevention in youth-led model trained volunteer peer educators age (18-25 yrs) in school, to teach HIV prevention and Reproductive health. This valuation programme effects on students HIV knowledge, attitude and behaviors of adolescent girls by using a non randomized quasi experimental design among 2133 students had significantly higher levels of knowledge regarding HIV p0kanlawon FA et al., (2011) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of peer education in a secondary school regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls in Karnataka. The study employed pre and post test intervention quasi experimental design, The experimental group was the adolescence girls to feed peer education programme for 6 months pre and post test data in the experimental and control groups were compared and analyzed. The knowledge of reproductive health issues was pDrummond P et al., (2011) conducted a study by using peer education to increase the sexual health knowledge among West African refugees in Western Australia. Ten bilingual west African peer educators conducted a 3 hours workshop on sexual health for small groups of western African refugees (n = 58) who recently settled in Perth , western Australia .There were significant increases in the participants knowledge on sexually transmitted infections and HIV , their spread and the measures to protect against infection. They Concluded that the peer education approach was successful in assisting new and emerging community to work effectively on sexual health topics generally considered as taboos or too sensitive to discuss.Stephenson. J et al., (2010) assessed the effectiveness of school-based peer-led sex education among 9,000 pupils aged 13-14 years at England. Schools were randomized to both peer-led sex education (intervention) or to continue their usual teacher-led sex education (control). Peer educators, aged 16-17 years, were trained to deliver three 1-hour classroom sessions of sex education to 13- to 14 years old pupils from the same schools. The study findings concluded that compared with conventional school sex education at age 13-14 years, this form of peer-led sex education was very effective associated with change in teenage STDs, it merits consideration within broader teenage STDs prevention strategies.

Business analysis of General Electric

traffic analysis of customary ElectricIn the history of technology in the united scales, the history of General Electric play along constitutes a hearty part. The ontogeny of General Electronics (GE) from a mere home laboratory of doubting Thomas Edison to one of the adultst companies from simple premature applications to complex 21st century lofty tech wizardry, has been instead awaystanding. the company has to a fault merged with other companies, broading its mise en scene , moving from technology to services, consisting of tote up 11 main direct supply GE Advanced with spunky- surgical procedure, fused quartz and ceramics which be used by a good number of industries, silicon-based products. One of worlds leading appliance manufacturers, GE Consumer and Industrial is a pre noble-minded globular maker of lighting products for consumer, commercial, and industrial customers. Besides, these functions, GE Commercial and Industrial also supplies establishments, service s and integrated industrial equipment. The energy industry is practiced by GE Energy, a prominent supplier among its field.P1. Background to ChangeMajor variegates in General ElectricThe economic problems of GE croupe be deciphered through its conductorial reshuffling. General Electronic experienced a far reaching modify when tin can F. (Jacx) Welch Jr. became the chairman and CEO in 1981. Welch intend to give place to the subordinates i.e. the periphery of the company by invalidating the hierarchy of the focusing, assigning divisions t completelyy to the per formative skills, which he followed from predecessor Reginald Jones cartridge clip. GE bought 338 channel and product lines for $11.1 gazillion and careen 252 for $5.9 one million million million over the next few old age. Jones wanted GE to be give ranked in each the fields of operation. During this period, in 1943, General Electric Credit Corporation, a nonher of GEs operations was formed. And as it expand into other markets like real estate, leasing and selling of heavy industrial goods, damages and inventories its assets doubled to $16 billion surrounded by 1979 and 1984. Also, the leasing operations protected the conjure up company from heavy taxes. It was done by leasing of the credit corporation on the equipments developed by GE which suffered accelerated depreciation.Forces for changeControlling bureaucracy Welchs signature concept was to spark productivity and save the company from eminent threats. Wales took c be of both internal and away problems. He sorted pop internal problems such as between functions eg-that between sales and manufacturing and external problems like GE and its suppliers and customers. Welch incited any kind of barrier was bad for the company. cultivation travels easily in an open, rallyary less placement. There is a secret code to hinder the continuous flow of decisions, commonwealth, ideas etc. the century-old systems of resided hierarchy and bloated bureaucracy in Ge near got rid of because this Boundary less behavior. Welsh dog-tired two decades reforming the bureaucratic procedures of GE, because he thought anything that hindered the free flow of ideas and learning was destructive. inadequacy of sharing selective in physical compositionBecause there was a conversation go against between the dispirit and top vigilance, the goals were non clear to them. So they required to change and adapt so that everyone could be aw ar of the goals and objectives of the company.Mobilizing the spring twitch/ winning free-enterprise(a) advantageGE had to change and adapt itself to the changes around and grapple properly and not lag behind. And when this change happens throughout is required to minimise the disturbances associated.For expanding the line of creditIn order to expand his business to suit the competitive market, Welsh sphericizes , many were not doing healthy, so Jack prototypical handled the problems perfo rming weaker domestic sector (i.e. the hardware phase restructuring, delivering, follow outsizing etc. ) after(prenominal) solving the hardware problems, Welch concentrated on make GE global. overture of TechnologyChange is a must to adapt to the growing technological market. Internet gap was used by Welch. Welch recommended every physical surgical procedure to be digitized, as a part of GEs e-Initiative. In making the company officious and agile this step was much instrumental.P2. GE organizational coordinate is cabal of top-down bottom up structure.Corporate Executive Office hot seat CEOCorporate staffFinance Business R D Human LegalDevelopment Re solutionGE aircraft GE transp- GE industrial GE Plastics GE Appliance GE suppliesEngines orttion systemsGE business leader GE Medical GE Lighting GE specialty NBC GE CapitalSystems Systems MaterialsGE Capital 26 Business organized into 5 segmentsConsumer Mid-market Specialized Specialty EquipmentServices Financing Financing Insurance circumspectionAdvantages of Bureaucratic structure organizationFunctional economics of scale minimum duplication of personnel equipment.Enhanced communication centralized decision makingDisadvantages of Bureaucratic organizationSubmit meshs with organizational goals.Obsessive concern with rules and regulations.Lack of employee discretion to deal with problems.P3. mechanical Organizational structureQualities such as high complexity, formality and centralization mark the Mechanistic structures. These structures are well suited for repetitive functions and actions. They react to unpredicted stillts relatively slow and are highly depended on planned behaviors.MechanisticOrganizationalStructureMechanisticOrganizationalPerformanceAlignmentStructureControl-oriented IT Alignment PerformanceControl-oriented ITAdvantagesHigh specialization starchy departmentalizationHigh formalizationDisadvantagesNarrow span of masteryFlow of information is not freeCentralized native Organi zational structureOrganic structures emphasis on parallel relations rather than vertical ones and are relatively resilient and adoptable. It is influenced by skills and knowledge rather than status-related authorities, the focus is not on commands but on data sharing and responsibilities are rendered flexile not based on terms of reference.Organic Organizational structureMechanisticOrganizationalPerformanceAlignmentStructureCoordinatio-oriented IT Alignment PerformanceControl-oriented ITAdvantagesOpen communication networkEmpowered employeeWide span of controlCross class-conscious teamFree flow of informationDisadvantagesLow formalization tokenish formal rulesLittle direct supervision..Organizational transformation (Centralized -decentralized)The key to success is innovation. And centralization and decentalisation-two structural dimensions of the firm affect this innovation. The degree is to which decision-making authority is kept at top levels of management is known as centraliz ation. And the degree to which -decision-making authority is pushed down to lower levels of the firm is known as decentralization. There is a fight regarding which is better among the two. There can be two pillow slips of centralization and decentralization - geographical and the hierarchy among the employees. In the case of the geographical centralization, an organization can contract just one headquarter and vice versa in the case of decentralization. The other type would be when the authority and decision making sessions are involved. The centralization or decentralization of an organization depends on factors such as type of industry etc. In the case of centralized organization, the hierarchy is strictly hold and power is held by the top executives and the headquarters. In decentralized organizations, the power all including various outlets and lower level managers. Tesco, the super market chain, where each strain has a manager who take meaning(a) decisions regarding the s tore, and is responsible to the regional manager is an example of decentralized organizationRecommendation The firm should have a Communication consultant who volition help to assess the situation. This in caper will help the business to be as productive as possible. The communication assessment helps to figure out the faults through an external source and tries to solve them and provide better business structure and design.P4. Features of radical Changes nuclear fusion AcquisitionDuring the early 1980s Factory automation became a study activity. Calma and Intersil were acquired by GE and were essential to this program. To manufacture and market Hitachis industrial robots in the United States, GE also entered into an agreement with the Japanese, company. In order to robotize its engine plant in Eric, Pennsylvanian, and GE spent $300 million by itself. GEs aircraft engine business also participated in an air-force plant-modernization program two years later. The controversial B-1 B bomber engines were also manufactured by GE.RestructuringThe half-dozen sigma was select by GE in the late 1990s under Welchs leadership, a Motorola, Inc. and Alliged Signal Inc pioneered quality control and improvement initiative. Costs were cut by reducing errors or defects through this program. The six sigma was claimed to yield $1 billion in annual saving by 1998. Restructuring continued within the company including a $2.3 billion charge in late 1997, which led to the pulley of redundant facilities to shift to cheaper labour market production.Reconfiguring the business portfolioWelch wanted GE to be identified as a broadly diversified corporation. solelyhe was also aware that GEs business portfolio should at start-off focus on a limited number of sectors which will be potentially attractive for growth and profitability. In his initial says, Welch confessed about his interest in dealing with the top companies in the global market. He highlighted GEs resources on its best op portunities the consumer electronic business, mine interests ( notably Utah International), small household appliances division, semiconductors, and radio stations were sold off by Welch. And GE acquired small companies. the bigger ones includes RCA, NBC, Kidder Peabody, CGR etc. GE made over a hundred acquisitions with financial services beingness the largest sector acquired.Charging the structureOne study factor which contributed to the transformed product-market baptistry of GE and the consequent increase in growth was the changes in the business portfolio. Along with it, revitalizing the management systems and management style was required to arrive ambition. This also led to a changed structure of GE. Several layers of management and large numbers of administrative positions were eliminated under Welchs supervision of special immenseness is the disbanding of GEs sectors, which resulted in the direct reporting by 13 business leaders to the CEO. The CEOs chest expanded to include a bodied Executive council to facilitate GEs elder corporate officers and business level chiefs.Changing management systems and processesA much flexible and responsive corporation resulted from the changes in GEs structure. GEs highly developed management systems were also required to be changed, specially the much popular strategicalal be after system. A less formal and more personal process substituted the staff-led, document driven process though the framework of an annual planning cycle was retained.Modify human resource managementThe development of management ta add contributed GEs long-term development and mathematical operation. Welch retained GEs well-developed management appraisal system and development. He thought that greater flourishing of managerial talent could be achieved by vesting managers with greater profit and loss responsibility early in their career. And better incentives were required to encourage risk taking and higher levels of performance aspi ration. The bonus system was redesigned to reach into the middle of middle management. There were consummate(a) discrimination on the bonuses.Corporate InitiativePeriodic new corporate initiative as mechanisms to drive particular aspects of companywide performance was used by Welch. About every two year Welch would announce a major new initiative designed to energize the company and drive its performance in a particular direction, while strategic planning, financial control and human resource management provided the basic systems for managing GE. This initiative would be absent into the ongoing management systems of GE over time.Work outThe no-holds-barred treatment sessions that Welch held with different managers groups at GEs Management Development Institute at crotonville, overbold York, gave birth to the idea of GEs work-out process. Because work-out has a practical and an intellectual goal, it could achieve unsounded changes in management the riddance of several bad hobbit s during all this double being the objective. The second objective is intellectual, which puts the leaders of all businessing front of hundred or so, if their people, to let them know what they think. This is done 8-10 times a year. They will get to know more, about their business- feelings, opinions, resentments etc. Its about re-defining the leader-subordinate relationship. This helps form all kinds of dynamics, source go and hide, and others emerge successful.The Boundary less Organization though Welch reacted strongly to GEs is depicted as a conglomerate, it did GE good, for the utilization of its products and geographical diversity for the betterment of performance led to GEs growth and expansion.Globalization GEs global responsibilities included exploiting international growth opportunities and the advantages of global reach. This was done through exploiting increase learning opportunities and global that affected particular countries could be handled properly because of glob al diversity. Also the advantages of such downturns were well-used.Six Sigma This program dominated corporate initiative and primary driver of organizational change and performance movement during 1998 to 2000. soul transferring cultural initiative- such was it called by Welch. Motorola inspired the methodology of measuring , analyzing, defining, better and thus controlling every process that lead to the customer so that the defects reduced to 3.4 per million.P5. Evaluation of the ChangeMerger and acquisition Several importance barter fors were made by GE in the year 1986, including the $ 6.4 billion purchase of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), the largest for the company till that date. Interestingly, GE in 1919 had helped to found the company. GE/s broadcasting business was brought into full force by RCAs National Broadcasting company (NBC) , the leading television network. This RCA GE match was considered beneficial by the company though both the companies were severe ly involved into consumer electronics. This success had been possible because GE had been shifting into service and high technology from manufacturing compared to the50 percent 6 year before al to the highest degree 80 percent of GEs earnings came from services and high technology, after the merger. GEs labs made RCAs famed David Saran off Research Centre quite redundant and divested itself of it. RCAs television manufacturing business was sold to a French company Thomson in 1987. Thomsons medical diagnostics business was taken up by GE instead. And to complete cxxx European acquisitions, GE spent $ 30 billion during the 1990s.Restructuring- e-business was chosen by GE for further growth of the company in 1999. GE carefully reacted to the Interact explosion in the 1990s. Though it was thought that the Honeywell deal would serve as a capstone for Welchs much admired leadership it ended sourly. Because of the11th hour negotiations between the European regulator and GE executives were broken down, the European commission had to block the deal on antitrust grounds on 2001.Restructing The Headquarters and the interiors of the business experienced further elimantions. Decisions were taken by the operating units which could have four layers in the hierarchy. Welch was named Neutron Jack for his administrative costs and merciless attacks on bureaucracy. It was so severe, that many people had to leave.Human Resource adaption Because of the restricting, fewer people were left, and the 10 to 15 percent bonus was substituted by 30 to 40 percent bonus. Also, much wider range of managerial and skillful employees received ancestry options instead of just the top echelon of management. The number of stock options receiving employees increased to 22,000 by the end of 1995, from a 400 in early 1980s and Welch said the stock compensation which was based on total GE performance salary or bonus associated with the performance of case-by-case business or unit then. This enabl es a harmonious relationship between the interests of the mortal, the company, and the share owner behind the powerful on company results. practice the interaction between people will create the scope for recognise and more fulfilling jobs for it is when they meet and talk, opportunities broaden. The quality of work life too is bound to improve. Work out concentrated on eliminating bureaucratic practices, at first but with time it evolved to the analysis and redesigning of complex cross-functional processes-involving customers, suppliers and Ge employees.Sig Sigma It became an unprecendents fervor across an unprecendentant broad front at GE. 100000 people were trained in sciences and methodology in four years, GE reported by 2001,- six sigma was their way of working, speaking a common language of DMOS (defects per million opportunities), of necessity Assessment Maps, CTQS (critical to quality) , FMEAs (Failure, mode effect analysis) etc. GE gained as lap in performance and it mo ved the rank from reduced waste and lower operating costs to improved, financial management and faster customer service.P6. seat of Planned changeThe action query model, contemporary adaptations to the action research model, and Lewins change are the three theories which tells about the process of planned change in the organization. It showcases the four basic principles that is to be carried out by the practitioners and organization members. It can be drawn into a diagram, a flowchart , characterization the series of actions and its consequences-events from entering and contracting, to planning and working out the change, to evaluating and institutionalizing change. It is not a simple linear flowchart, but is constructed of overlaps and cycles among the activities.Unfreez, change, freez Infreez, change, freez (or Refreez) is a three stage system of change designed by Kurte Lewin . Though the three stages can be complicate it is not required , for it works fine even when simple. But the simplicity has been criticized. And though it has been change considerably since 1947, it is still relevant. This model has helped the formation of many others model as well. The three stages, i.e. unfreezing, change and Freezing are explained in the following paragraphs-Stage 1. Unfreezing-The first stage is the most important and should be understood very well. It creates the ground for the change. It creates awareness about the change and prepares the organization for it. Making it come out of the comfort zone. Under Welch this first stage contributing the organization, using lessens, delaying the organization etc. He genuinely merged and used acquisition, using the six sigma to bring about this changeStage -2- Change-or TransitionKurt Lewin knows that change is a process, not event and called it transition. This travel also involves our reaction to the change. In the second stage the changes actually occur. He used merger and acquisition changing management system and process to help the change happen. This involved restructuring, reengineering and changing the HR to bring out the best within. He also made use of devices like work out globalization, boundary less organization, and six sigma.Stage 3. FreezingIt is variably called the Refreezing. It is about stabilizing the situation after the changes. It is about making people aware and comfortable about the new norms, routines. It can be time consuming. GE achieved huge success through this method and was ranked 10 in the SFORTUNE 500 magazine.P7. Implementation ProcedureCommunicationCommunication is the most important and required process to let the employees know about the consequences of not adopting to the change and the benefits that the post change time will reap. Objectives, coverage, timing, costs individual and organizational implications and change methods should be communicated.Educated and trainEducation and Training is required to teach the employees who may not have the desired en vironmental, functional, financial, organizational, technical, strategic and behavioral knowledge or skills.Participation and InvolvementParticipation of the implicated people is absolutely necessary right from the beginning. This also helps to generate a sense of responsibility, ownership.Facilitation and SupportSkilled facilitators implement the change initiatives. Proposals and issues since resolution of conflict team building and development of a conducive change humor are surfaced through them.NegotiationSome valuable things are ask to be exchanged for reducing the resistence among the employees, so the change agent has to negotiate. This is oddly interesting in the case of resistance from powerful employees. Tongue battle, demonstrative of(predicate) facilitator and cognitive Reasoned are the three styles of Negotiation.Implicit and Explicit cypher threats or force is applied on those who strongly resist lent this method works only in a crisis situation, otherwise it is quite redundant.Contingency plan for GEA contingency plan can be made when eligible CEO candidates who cannot be fully set(p) or trained by the hand once deadline, and through this Welch could stretch along the tenure. The person can be employed as an unofficial consultant, even though the government mandated retirement age is reached by 2011. The company would be benefited with adequate breathing room. The chances of the creation of dangerous powerful acumms during the change or transition from old tonew CEO can also be avoided.

Two Wheelers In India Marketing Essay

Two Wheelers In India Marketing EssayRiding a both wheel horse gives once a felling of freedom and enjoying the natural beauty. In India devil wheelers are in general preferred because of their compact sizes affordable process, depression nutriment and easy loan repayment. If we see Indian streets they are generally alter up of ii wheelers. Thetrendofowningtwo wheelersin India isduetoavarietyoffacts.OneofthechiefispoorpublictransportinmanypartsofIndia. Additionally,two-wheelersofferagreatdealof restroomand mobility forthe Indianfamily.India is the third largest producer of Two wheelers in the world it bewilder just next to Japan and China. In give out few years the the Indian two-wheelers persistence has got spectacular growth. Two wheeler industry in India has a small beginning in early 50s. The political machinemobile Products of India (API) buzz offed manufacturing scooters in the country which was later taken over by Bajaj Auto. Although various governing and priv ate enterprises entered the fray for scooters, the only brisk player that has run shorted till right away is LML.The pedal constituent of India was initially dominated by Escorts175cc rhythm and Enfield 350cc pedals. In mid 80s the two-wheeler betrayet was opened to foreign competition. And the then marketplace leading Escorts and Enfield were caught unaware by the onslaught of the centurycc pedals of the four Indo-Japanese joint ventures. With the availability of render efficient start power cycle per seconds, demand for this swelled which results in whiz Honda then the only producer of four stroke wheels(100cc category), gaining a overstep slot. The prime(prenominal) Japanese bicycles were introduced in the early eighties. TVS Suzuki and submarine sandwich Honda brought in the first two-stroke and four-stroke locomotive engine motorcycles respectively.TVS Suzuki and Hero Honda initially started with assembly of CKD kits which later on progressed to autochthon al manufacturing. In the 90s the Japanese motorcycles has brought in major growth for motorcycle incision , which grew at arate of nearly 25% CAGR in the lastfive years. The motorcycle industry had a smooth take in in the 50s, 60s and 70s when the Government has prohibited natural entries and controlled qualification expansion strictly. In 80s the industry saw a sudden growth and a peak great deal of 1.9 mn vehicles. The entire automobile industry saw a drastic fall in demand in the year 1990 which resulted in reject of demand by 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992, resulting in a end product loss of 0.4mn vehicles. Hero Honda showed a marginal extraction in 1992 and all the major producers suffered from recession in Fy 1993-1994. The reasons for recession in the sector were mellowed input costs , incessant rise in can prices and reduced purchasing power of the people due to unshakable rise in general price level and credit crush was there consumer financing. Later with developm ent of economic situation, sales oftwo wheeler increased increased.In the last eight to ten years, the two-wheelermarket has witnessed a shift from scooters to motorcycles. Particularly in the rural areas, consumers digest started preferring sturdier bikes to withstand the detrimental road conditions.Key Factors affecting sales of MotorcyclesThe various factors which effect the sales of motorcycles are Petrol Prices- As they determine the running cost of the vehicles so change in the pricing policy of Government of India ordain digest an impact on two wheelers sales.Improvement in disposable income sure enough play a multiplier effect on the demands of consumer durables.Ease on the availability of credits will leads to increase in demand of two wheelers.Key players inthe Two-wheeler IndustryThere are many two-wheeler bring into beingrs in India the major players are as follows Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML)-Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and-TVS Motor telephoner Ltd (TVS) Kinetic Motor Company Ltd(KMCL),YamahaMotorsIndiaLtd(Yamaha),Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle Scooter India (P) Ltd(HMSI). divers(a) bikes illustrations100 cc bikes segmentThe bikes in this segment are generally simple and are not much expensive and their main physical object customers are middle income people. These bikes consume less render as they have 100 cc motor and they are suitable for travelling lengthy distance. The bikes in 100 cc are most rightly fire be tell as value for bills. The various competing bikes in this segment are -Bajaj secure100, Bajaj Platina 100, Hero Honda Passion positive(p),-Hero Honda brilliancy Plus and Yamaha crux of the matter TVS STAR CityWe are going to compare the following mentioned modelsBajaj Discover100Hero Honda brilliancy PlusYamaha crux of the matterTVS CentraBajaj Discover 100 dirt NameBajaj DiscoverParent CompanyBajaj Auto houseMotorcycle empyreanTwo-wheeler AutomobileTagline/ SloganDiscover India with the power of 1 lit reUSPIt give in effect(p) mile get on stake Ambassador phylogenyBajaj Discover is a motorcycle instigantmark owned by Bajaj Auto in India. It was launched in 2004 and since then it was a huge success in two wheeler segment and can be rightly called commuter trains bike. It has a 2nd generation DTS- Si four stroke engine. Discover provides high power and high torsion which is able to produce up to 7500 rev and torque of 5000 rpm. Bajaj has launched 100cc Discover DTS-Si which has 2nd generation engine and provide an middling of 75km/hr on road speed in city and 83km/hr on highways and being termed as long distance Bike. It has 5 contagious disease gears to provide constant transmission.The Bajaj Discover DTS-Si will be available in four colour i.e red, blue, deep vitriolic and green.Bajaj Discover DTS-Si 100cc has unmated forcefulness as all the other Discoverbikes in india. Some of the premium determination features of this motorcycle are LED mark-lamp, alloy wheels a nd an all black presentation with enthralling chrome styling elements. This cuttingly launched Bajaj two-wheeler is packed to deliver unmatched performance through polycot piston with the sturdy Discover format and manageable complete comfort varied features like ergonomically designed seats.FeaturesElectric start systemLongest wheelbase in the entire segmentFull DC electrical systemAuto choke that helps in easy startNitrox suspension system that look ats riding comfortable even on rough roadsMaintenance free battery along with charge indicator5 speed gear boxTarget section Bajaj Discover is generally targeting the lower middle class people who wait value for money and need a bike that give good fuel consumption rate and look stylish.Target meeting jejuneness of middle class in age group of 25-35 years. military position A bike that can be utilise for exploring new avenues.SWOT ANALYSIS OF BAJAJ DISCOVERSWOTStrength1.Strong brand name and huge market2.Excellent distrib ution through franchisees3.Most reliable for Indian roads as it requires low maintenance 4.Good mileage helplessness1. Focuses on just mileageOpportunity1. intricacy in rural and tier-2 cities2. Innovations in engineering scienceThreats1. New entrants2. Competitors3. wiped out(p) cost bikesHero Honda shininessBrand NameHero Honda(Hero MotoCorp) impressivenessParent CompanyHero Honda course of studyMotorcycles firmamentTwo-wheelerTagline/ SloganYaari ki Gaadi Desh ki dhadkanUSPA bike with low maintenance and good mileageBrand AmbassadorThe largest bike manufacture of country Hero Honda has got super rich and best selling bike in its stable that isHero Honda vastness, the total variant of the brand are 4. Hero Honda has recently upgraded itsHero Honda SplendorSuper model and the new bike is priced at Rs. 45950 in Delhi.Hero Honda launched its flagship modelHero Honda Splendorin the year 1994 and it bring name and fame to the company instantly since the launch. exclusively late r a gap of 6 years,Hero Honda Splendorwas declared World No. 1 largest selling single two-wheeler model. The prefatory model of theHero Honda Splendorwas having only standard equipment only but technology was mind-blowing as a result the bike made records after records of selling.In the year 2003, Hero Honda upgraded the basic model ofHero Honda Splendorand launched a revamped version named as Hero Honda Splendor Plus which in any case saw a big success. The company announced to sell the basic and improved model side by side but cease the former silently after sometime. Now onlyHero Honda SplendorPlus version is available in market. TheHero Honda SplendorPlus is powered by an dividing line cooled, 4 stroke, single cylinder OHC engine with 97.2 cc of displacement. The engine produces peak power of 7.4 bhp at 8,000 rpm and toil peak torque of 7.95 Nm at 5,000 rpm. It uses world class suspension and brakes which can be called as the USP of Hero Honda bikes in India. The new avata r ofHero Honda Splendorsports alloy wheels, pass light, helmet lock and happy indicators switch.The company further revamped theHero Honda Splendorbrand and launched Hero Honda Splendor Super in the year 2005. It is a bigger machine than its predecessors. The bike is loaded with 125cc, 4-Stroke OHC, Single Cylinder, Air Cooled engine which churns maximal power of 9 bhp at 7,000 rpm while belts out 10.35 Nm of peak torque at 4,000 rpm. Other modifications on this bike include, self start, bigger engine, wider wheelbase and bike weight.The latest offering in the Hero Honda stable is Hero Honda Splendor NXG which was launched in the year 2007. Basically the bike was designed and launched targeting youth thereby more graphics, self start, alloy wheels and sporty look. For the first time in Hero Honda history, it added self start option, after a year of the launch, to an entry-level bike along with black alloy wheels. In addition to this, ne generation Pro Series Engines is incorporate d in theHero Honda SplendorNXG. apart from these, the bike is equipped with new generation digital CDI unit, new design carburetor with TCIS, Halogen bulb Trapeziodal, MFR in headlamp and new style graphics. The bike is again an entry-level bike which comes loaded with 4 stoke, single cylinder OHC, air cooled 97.2cc engine. The engine develops a peak power of 7.8 bhp at 7,500 rpm and generates 8.04 Nm of peak torque at 4,500 rpm.Hero Honda Splendor Mileage, Average and fuel EconomyTheHero Honda Splendorseries bikes are known for their glorious mileage and low maintenance.TheHero Honda SplendorPlus gives a routine 65-70 kmpl. It has got 11 litres of fuel armoured combat vehicle capacity along with 1 litre of fuel reserve.Hero Honda SplendorSuper can give around 63-68 kmpl of mileage. The maximum fuel tank capacity is 12 litres. WhereasHero Honda SplendorNXG has 9.5 litres of fuel tank capacity and 1.8 litres of reserve and you can expect around 70-75 kmpl of fuel economy in city. The all newHero Honda SplendorPro offers a mileage of 60-70 kmpl in the city roads. The fuel tank present in the newHero Honda SplendorPro is of 11 ltrs with I ltr of fuel reserve.Hero Honda Splendor ColorsTheHero Honda SplendorPlus comes in 8 hues like Excellent Blue, Hi Granite Blue, cruddy With Purple Stripe 1, Black with Purple Stripe 2, Black with Purple Stripe 3, Black with bills stripe, Cloud Silver and Candy Red. The eubstance colour is painted at fuel tank, front cowl, side panels, rear panels and front fender.Target Segment Target are the lower middle class people who wish bike that give good mileage and look stylish.Target Group Youth of middle class in age group of 25-35 years.Positioning A motorcycle for making friends in life.SWOTStrength1.Strong brand name and huge market2.Excellent distribution through franchisees3.Most reliable for Indian roads as it requires low maintenance4.Good mileageWeakness1.Focuses on just mileage and no powerOpportunity1. Expansion in ru ral and tier-2 cities2. Innovations in technologyThreats1. New entrants2. Competitors3. Low cost bikesYamaha crux of the matterBrand NameYamaha cruxParent CompanyYamahaCategoryMotorcyclesSectorTwo-wheelerTagline/ SloganAapke irade sa mazboot Yes YamahaUSPBike which has good mileageBrand AmbassadorTheYamaha Cruxis a 106cc, single-cylinderfour-strokemotorcycle made byIndia Yamaha Motor. The Crux is designed for Indian and neighboring markets. Its upgraded version is known as theYamaha Libero G5. Unlike Libero G5, Crux has round head lights.Although it lucks the same engine with Yamaha Libero, Crux is targeted towards the lowest end of the low end segment (100cc segment)A different version of crux known as crux r was introduced with the same specifications but rectangular headlights. But after it could not make a considerable sales, the production was halted.Yamaha Cruxs 106cc, 4-stroke engine, Strong Frame, attractive style, multi-reflector lights and long seat makes it the comfor table durable 4-stroke commuter bike on the Indian roads.Yamaha Crux is the popular bike with attractive features available in India at affordable price. The mill of theYamaha Cruxdelivers a top power of 7.6 PS at 7,500 rpm and produces a maximum torque of 7.85 Nm at 6,000 rpm. Yamaha CRUX gives excellent durability that everyone loves it. Crux can carry heavy loads or passengers with smooth move. Yamaha India said that Yamaha Crux will meet all requirement of biker. Lets talk nigh theYamaha Crux price in Indiawith features and specifications.Yamaha Crux Features130 dia drum brake.adjustable shockers. in advance(p) air cooled 4 stroke engine. agreeable looks.Chrome plated fender.Multi-reflector tail light and head light for better visibility.Target Segment conservative people who want a bike that is stylish and gives a good mileage.Target Group Youth of middle class in age group of 25-35 years.Positioning A strong bike which encourages a strong life.SWOTStrength1.Huge market2.Exc ellent distribution through franchisees3.Good mileageWeakness1.Limited market share compared to other leading brandsOpportunity1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities2. Innovations in technology3.More brand visibility.Threats1. New entrants2. Competitors3. Low cost bikesTVS CENTRABrand NameTVS CENTRAParent CompanyTVSCategoryMotorcyclesSectorTwo-wheelerTagline/ SloganInspiration in motionUSPGood mileageBrand AmbassadorTVS Centra, introduced by TVS Motor Company, is miles ahead than others with its VT-i engines, which digitally control redness timing, and temperature sensors for optimum fuel efficiency. Its unique friction reduction technology and fuel wastage reduction system is capable of consistently delivering superior mileage. Stunning fibrous lines on the fuel tank along with stylish and contemporary body graphics render it a wind-chiseled look.Completing the look is the trapezoidal MFR headlight for excellent visibility. Designed according to bio-mechanics principles, TVS Cen tra is one of its kind in the category. And last but not the least, the 5-step adjustable rear shock absorbers help to make your ride smooth on any kind of road like all TVS Motor Company products, TVS Centra too has been engineered and designed keeping in mind extensive customer feedback and changing customer needs. TVS Centra will be the first motorcycle in India that will bundle price, mileage, maintenance, style, reliability, power, ruggedness and ride comfort making it truly a value for money own(prenominal) transportation two-wheeler. Those who want all these performance attributes in a commuter motorcycle at a great price, nothing will get down the TVS Centra for all the advantages it offers.TVS Centra is built around to give a mileage that will offer atleast 10 per cent more than any other motorcycle in the country, today. It will be powered by 7.5 Brake long horse Power (Bhp) at 7250 RPM making it the most powerful motorcycle in its class. TVS Centra will also be known f or its nimble discourse and riding comfort enabling easy maneuvering even in mobile city traffic. Its contemporary style with big muscular tank and comprehensive looks with a horizontal engine and superior ergonomics will mark a new standard in the popular segment of two wheelers. It will come with Econometer to keep a check on the mileage / power ratio, wide and skid free seat and Utility space.TVS Centra FeaturesAdvanced air cooled 4 stroke engine.110 dia drum brake.Adjustable shockers.Attractive looks.Digitally controlled starting.Target Segment Middle-class executives.Target Group Youth in age group of 22-35 years.PositioningSWOTStrength1.Huge market2.Excellent distribution through franchisees3.Good mileageWeakness1.Limited market share compared to other leading brandsOpportunity1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities2. Innovations in technology3.More brand visibility.Threats1. New entrants2. Competitors3. Low cost bikes

History of DNA Sequencing and Research

History of desoxyribonucleic acid Sequencing and ResearchDNA sequencing applied science has evolved very rapidly since its inception in the 1970s, and continues to evolve and resurrect today. This paper leave alone review the study conceptions and developments in sequencing technology and in brief summarize their mannerologies.The first group that was able to rank DNA was the team of Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert (Maxam and Gilbert). This was a first generation sequencing reaction, and was developed in 1976-1977. This method gives purified DNA and relies on chemical modification of DNA unspirituals (like depurination of adenine and yard using formic acid and methylation using hydrazine or dimethyl sulfate). The 5 good deal is radioactively labeled so that it can be visualized in a gel, and and then fragments of modified DNA ar electrophoresed. Autoradiography can then be white plagued to visualize the sizes of each DNA fragment. The maximum con length for this tech nique was approximately 100 nursing homes long.The next major innovation in DNA sequencing was the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method. This was developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger (Sanger, Nicklen, and Coulson), and became a good deal more popular than Maxam and Gilberts method. Sanger sequencing is a synthesis reaction and uses dideoxy nucleotides to every which way terminate synthesized strands of DNA. The DNA strands that had been terminated with ddNTPs originally were run in 4 different lanes ( one(a) for each ddNTP) and were radiolabeled so that they could be visualized with autoradiography. Later innovations make Sanger sequencing even easier when each dideoxynucleotide was labeled with different fluorescent dyes. As such, sequences could be run on a adept gel in a single lane. This method was the most popular way of sequencing DNA for legion(predicate) years, and was prevalent until slightly 2004. While read length was initially or so 100 cornerstone pairs long, Sanger sequencing now has a read length of about 800 to meter base pairs long when run in capillary gels.With the swallow of the human genome project, it was necessary to find ways to sequence DNA much more quickly and more cost-effectively than had been done previously. This led to the development of alleged(prenominal) second generation DNA sequencers. It as well as allowed for the use of smaller samples for sequencing. mavin of the first major automated weapons platforms was the Roche 454 (Margulies et al.). This utilizes pyrosequencing, which is a synthesis type sequencing reaction. This besides uses emulsion PCR on beads. When a dNTP is consistd, it releases a pyrophosphate (PPi). ATP sulfurylase is present in the reaction mix, and when PPi is released, converts it to ATP, which can activate luciferase and the emission of light. The Roche 454 can measure the measuring rod of light granted off and relate it to the number of nucleotides that have been incorporated. ade pt problem with this type of sequencing is that it can be difficult to accurately think of sequences of the same nucleotide in a row as the inspiration of the pyrophosphate peak given off does not have a analogue relationship with the number of homopolymers present. The read length for 454 is approximately 250 base pairs long, and the shift mode tips to have indels.The next major second gen sequencer is the Illumina Solexa platform (Bennett). The chemistry of this platform is that it utilizes reversible terminators and sequences by synthesis. A flow mobile phone is covered with DNA oligonucleotides that be complementary to adaptor sequences that have been ligated to the ends of come apart genome pieces. As the genome fragments ar streamed across the surface of the flow cell, they will every which way bind and go by means of multiple cycles of denaturation and extension, which creates clusters of clones. After these clusters have been generated, they be loaded into a sequen cer which measures fluorescent signals as single nucleotides ar incorporated by taking a picture and noting the location of fluorescence. take on lengths are about 26-50 bases on average, and the types of errors that are typically present tend to be SNP errors.Another important second generation sequencer is the ABI-SOLiD (Sequencing by Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection) sequencing platform (Valouev et al.). This is another sequencing by synthesis reaction, notwithstanding unlike Illumina and 454, which use polymerases, this uses ligases. After using emulsion PCR on beads to create clonal clusters, primers base pair to a known adapter sequence that has been ligated to the genomic DNA. differently labeled probes competitively base pair to the sequencing primer, and sequencing goes through several cycles in which different primers are used each time to bind to positions starting by a single nucleotide each time. DNA bases are added in groups of two in this method. amount rea d lengths for this technique are on average about 35 base pairs long.The next second generation sequencing technique is Ion torrent, which is a sequencing by synthesis technique (http//www.iontorrent.com). When nucleotides are added to a growing DNA chain, pyrophosphate and a hydrogen ion are released. Ion Torrent takes advantage of this by measuring the pH of the reaction mix after(prenominal) flooding a DNA strand with the four bases (one at a time) to determine sequences. One major advantage of this technique is that it doesnt require a high-cost camera set-up to measure incorporation events. However, because it indirectly measures nucleotide addition through changes in pH, it has difficulty with accuracy in calling sequences of homopolymers, resulting in indel errors (like pyrosequencing). bonny read lengths using this technique are about 200 base pairs long.A more recent innovation is the Helicos-True Single Molecule Sequencing (tSMS) technique (Thompson and Steinmann). It i s somewhat similar to Illumina sequencing in that it also uses fragmented DNA, adaptors, and fluorescently labeled dNTPs, but there is no amplification step. This helps eliminate issues with GC bias, which tend to carry on amplification steps and can cause errors in base calling. Average read length is greater than 25 base pairs.Pacific Biosciences SMRT technology (Single Molecule Real Time sequencing) immobilizes a DNA polymerase at the potty of a well and is a sequencing by synthesis technique (Eid et al.). Fluorescently labeled phosphate groups in dNTPs are added to the reaction mix and as the base is added to the growing DNA strand, the machine can measure the light that is given off (each base is labeled with a different fluorescent molecule). The major advantage of this technique is that it can sequence very long reads (more than 1000 bp) which is very important in de novo sequence assembly. In addition, PacBio can also measure methylation of DNA sequences based on the kinet ics of addition of base pairs (using the observation that modified base pairs tend to take longer to incorporate into a DNA strand). Furthermore, this technique can also potentially use a single molecule of DNA, which reduces any GC bias that occurs receivable to amplification.The final technique that will be discussed here is nanopore sequencing (Stoddart et al.). The idea cigaret this is that DNA may be threaded through a nanopore one base at a time. As its fed through, the sequencer can measure the change in current as it passes through (which will vary based on what base is moving through the pore). Thus, the sequence can be determined straight from the DNA without the need for modifications or reagents. In addition, because this can be done on a single molecule, there is again no need for amplification and thus no possibility of any GC bias in base calls.

Relationship between Gender, Identity and Civil Disobedience

Relationship between Gender, individuality operator and polite DisobedienceHannah RatesGender, individuation and well-be spend a pennyd noncompliance Are they the stem to their avouch problem? complaisant policy- fashioning creations ar arguably adequate the most important and highly discussed governmental topics. Gender, one-on-oneity and well-be suck upd noncompliance ar highly relevant in modernistic place and launch everyones day to day lives. As society is changing and modernizing the roles and meanings of these three ideals are too adapting. I look to explain their similarities and differences as well as how they puzzle affected the global population with and passim write up and cut through to do so.Identity politics is a name given to policy-making positions who share the same interests and enamours of fond minority crowds in which heap grade, lots the unmarrieds have shared experiences of injustice, (Heyes, 2016a) this leads to the ch twoe nge of other authoritarian stems with the purpose comm completely being equality. Identity political stems aim to secure political liberty of a specific constituency marginalized within its broadr context. (Heyes, 2016b) Identity politics is a term that has only been used in recent history originating from roughly the 1960s. There are hundreds if not thousands of cases of minority groups who are oppressed in all over the orbit including but not limited to gay individuals, women, heathen minority groups, Muslims as well as well as umpteen other less recognized groups. Collective Identity politics has some positive effects on individuals, a feeling of solidarity with others through constructed corporate identity provides an immutable and all-encompassing group that supply an escape from the society that oppresses them. One of the biggest incorporated identity parkways in recent history is feminism, their death was to remove the opposed biological determinist views that men are stronger and smarter than women to sack equal rights which included the right to vote, reproductive and domestic rights along with some(prenominal) more. Women identifying with each other to challenge the oppression they faced created a manner for individual womens voices to be heard, although women grouped in concert they campaigned for equal rights which benefited each individual in that group. Identity save is a contested concept, where collective identity is accentuated individualism diminishes and where solidarity with a persons minority is gained it is then restricted to one group. A person may have a single identity, but it ordain be made up of many another(prenominal) levels of loyalty and identification. Identities convert, because they are establish on perceptions, which themselves change over time and environment as it is viable to identify ones self with more than one thing at a time such as class and sex activity, or religion and age. Therefore, t hither are variant elements of ones identity and which operate at different levels and these various elements in an identity may well be contradictory. (Concept of collective identity, 2015) Identity politics bathroom be destructive as it cigarette uphold people to fixate or excaudate their sense of persecution, it can also heighten the stigmatization which then instigates the effect further. Inside a minority group differences are also overlooked which in turn divides the group internally in womens rightist history, ethnic and gay libbers see themselves as having cypher in rough-cut with white straight womens rightists they then end up competing over their relative degree of victimization. (Todd, 2013) Judith Butlers argued using queer theory that the feminist nominal head only emphasised the differences between men and women by class women as individuals with the same interests and characteristics. She explained feminism as an unwitting regulation and depersonalisati on neurosis of sexual practice relations reinforcing a binary view of gender relations in which merciful beings are divided into two clear-cut groups, women and men. earlier than opening up possibilities for a person to form and choose their own individual identity. (David, no date) Judith Butlers use of queer theory in her support gender trouble has also been one of the important driving forces fag the contesting of gender.Gender is defined as either the male or female person division of a species, especially as differentiated by fond and cultural roles and behaviour. (Dictionary, 1300) As society progresses gender is becoming a multifaced concept that is constantly being challenged, the idea that sex is biological and gender is socially constructed has have a constant discussion point in the world of politics. Society is progressing with the help of technology and social media giving minority genders a voice, resulting in the world becoming more accepting of contested ide ntitys. Transgender and genderqueer individuals identifying as a group has had positive bycomes and helped to empower people. This therefore gives evidence of contested genders becoming more widely accepted. To to be able to identify with their bad-tempered gender group merely, individuals are required to succumb to specific gender labels which can then very much cause them to be treated other than and negatively by peers, loved ones and society. Throughout history many feminists have disagreed and have endorsed the sex gender distinction. Provisionally sex denotes human females and males depending on biological features (chromosomes, sex organs, hormones, and other physical features) gender denotes women and men depending on social factors (social role, position, behaviour or identity). (Mikkola, 2016) Masculine and feminine behaviour has been learnt through nurture and gender socialisation and has created many inequalitys over time. One of the main objective of feminists, main ly in the second swing movement, was to reverse the gender roles created by society. The idea that women are created to raise children and stay at legal residence doing the cleaning and cooking with a male dominated family has been a view challenged by feminists through many mass protests. Second tramp feminism also cognise as the womens liberation movement set to guide gender inequality in clubby after first wave feminism had achieved public equality, aiming to remove the idea of the public man and the private woman. During second wave feminism the personal is the political became a beat up phrase to dispute the nuclear family and family values which resulted with gender becoming political. repugn authority through elegantised disobedience became a very efficacious tactic for second wave feminists used to gain gender equality.Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing conce ssions from the government. (Brownlee, 2013a) The term originated from Henry David Thoreau in 1848 when he refused to pay the poll tax as he did not want to contribute to the funding of war and slavery. In Thoreaus essay, he justifies his actions by saying that government is best which governs least, men will someday be able to have a government that does not govern at all. As it is, government rarely proves useful or efficient. It is often ill-use and perverted so that it no longer represents the will of the people. (LLC, 2016) Throughout history courteous disobedience has been used to change societys moral parameters Gandhis salt march, gracious rights movement and suffragettes are all prime examples of instances where civil disobedience turn out to be an important mechanism for social change. (Brownlee, 2013b) John Rawls states that a civil disobedience movement must be public, non-violent, a conscientious further political act, contrary to the impartiality and it must aim to bring change to policies and the law. John Rawls suggest that the main point of the movement is that it must be conscientious, this highlights the seriousness and sincerity in which the civil disobedient break the law through their disobedience, they draw attention to draw attention to laws or policies that they entrust require reassessment or rejection. (Brownlee, 2013c) Henry David Thoreau emphasised the importance of human conscience in his 1848 essay stating we should be men first, and subjects afterwards. (Henry David Thoreau, 2017) The non- military unit aspect of civil disobedience is also an important factor of the movement as it is not only moral but strategic and more effective, an uprising is 50% more likely to fail (Fisher, 2013a) if violence is used. If a protest does become violent then that legitimizes the states use of violence in response (Fisher, 2013b) and is also less likely to have support from the public often polarizing them in support of the government. The argument that we all have the right to civil disobedience as part of our democratic rights, alongside our human right to liberty of speech are two factors believed toto encourage oppressed minority groups to verbalise out about their injustices, this is reflected by civil disobedience protests being known to gain more attention than any other forms of protest. Acts of Civil disobedience by minority groups including gender minority have been carried out passim history, one of the largest being the feminist movement. The politics of gender roles and inequality have been at the heart of all womens liberation movements especially during second wave feminism. In more recent history Polish women carried out civil disobedience in October 2016 to protest against the governments proposed ban on all abortions with women approach imprisonment if the law was broken. Tens of thousands of women missed work and school wearing all black to peacefully protest outside parliament against the L aw and Justices caller proposed ban. The mass protests caused parliament to reconsider and then reject the proposed ban. Poland already have the most restrictive laws on abortion in Europe with women only being able to have one in received circumstances, however many activists see parliaments choice to over throw the ban as a chance to gain liberation in the near future. Identity politics is a concept that runs parallel with all acts of civil disobedience, individuals identify with each other and all share the same goal which is often equality and social justice. Every civil disobedience movement emphasizes a collective notion of the good. They suggest that when we identify ourselves with something larger than our own identity, we are compelled to take action. We are driven to bring about social cleanse because we value the importance of helping others. (Enotes, 2016a) In his essay, Thoreau emphasises the importance of coming together as a collective identity as the only steerin g to achieve social reform, he also believes that all individuals should ignore their individual differences and work together towards a collective goal. Thoreau sees a persons power increase when they unify with others in the cause for social reform. (Enotes, 2016b) The second wave feminist movement and the 2016 Polish protests were both collective actions trying to gain social reform for both identity and gender through civil disobedience.Social political concepts are continuing to shape modern day society, and the absolute majority of these groups are co-dependant. The argument that collective identity diminishes individuality in that group is ongoing. Whist individualism is conceivably reduced, many civil disobedience movements entertain individuals that have different standing views on what theyre protesting against. In the case of feminism there are idea and liberal groups inside the larger feminist group. Some radical groups focus on trying to overthrow patriarchy rather than liberal feminists who try to change society to make it equal. This shows that the puree for identity within civil disobedience exceeds the concept of just gender. Although both radical and liberal feminist groups have the same common goal it highlights the flaws of collective identity as the group works against the larger movement cohesion due to their opposed views on aspects of the feminist ideology. many a(prenominal) radical feminists will not accept men to be part of their movement due to their feelings of oppression caused by a patriarchal society throughout history, this excludes men and reinforces the dichotomic view of gender relations highlighting gender differences through identity. Queer theory can be used to understand the contradicting views of both identity and gender queer theory supports the idea that gender is large-minded flowing and an expression. It contradicts collective identitys as identity consists of so many aspects, to group identities collectively based on one variable e.g. gender is wrong. A difference perspective on collective identities with regards to gender however is that it can empower many people, as more people in modern society are identifying as gay or transgender the glamorization of identity through gender has increased this holds true for many gender labels. Whilst people seek confidence by identifying with these gender labels the end result can be that individuals have restricted themselves to the stereotypical behaviour of that gender identity. Many civil disobedience movements aim to compact the stereotypical view of gender roles and behaviours showing how the three concepts not only intertwine but often provoke each other. It is clear that collective identities are sought out by individuals in order to find solidarity in a certain group, they are used to construct community and feelings of cohesion and holism, a concept to give the impression that all individuals are equal in the imagined community. Gamson argues that icy identity categories are both the basis for oppression and the basis for political power, again further outlining that civil disobedience is not only comprised by collective identitys, but that they are also a catalyst for many civil disobedience movements. Connotations associated with gender often form these collective identitys that in turn form civil disobedience. Without collective identity, civil disobedience movements would be ineffective movements are only taken seriously if its a large identity group working towards the same goals. In the example of the feminist movement and the polish protests women identified with their gender to campaign for equality however identifying in this group women have highlighted their oppression and focused the stigmatization. Although quite on the face of it linked identity does not only exist through the marinization of oppressive groups, if society was completely equal both identity and gender would ease exist and where the re is democracy there is inevitably civil disobedience.As theories and concepts identity, gender and civil disobedience all share a common quality, in that they are often co dependant in order to be effective as well as being a seemingly paradoxical solution to themselves. Whilst all three concepts seek equality identity is formed through segregation, gender is defined by its musical interval and civil disobedience can only exist with minority protesting the majority. In addition to this incongruence, comprised with all acts of politics in accordance to these concepts, ego and preconceived notion will always effect the individual, creating bias within these social groups, making the topics insolvably disputed for the future.ReferencesHeyes, C. (2016) Identity politics. uncommitted at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/ (Accessed 19 January 2017).Concept of collective identity (2015) acquirable at https//www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/concept-of-collective-ident ity.php (Accessed 19 January 2017).Todd, D. (2013) Douglas Todd The pros and cons of identity politics. Available at http//www.vancouversun.com/health/Douglas+Todd+pros+cons+identity+politics/8235119/story.html (Accessed 19 January 2017).David (no date) Www.Theory.Org.Uk resources Judith Butler. Available at http//www.theory.org.uk/ctr-butl.htm (Accessed 19 January 2017).Dictionary (1300) The definition of gender, in Available at http//www.dictionary.com/ snitch/gender (Accessed 19 January 2017).Mikkola, M. (2016) Feminist perspectives on sex and gender. Available at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/GenSocCon (Accessed 19 January 2017).Brownlee, K. (2013) Civil disobedience. Available at https//plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-disobedience/ (Accessed 20 January 2017).LLC, S. (2016) Civil disobedience. Available at http//www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/civildisobedience/section1.rhtml (Accessed 20 January 2017).Henry David Thoreau (2017) Available at http//iz paraphras es.com/quote/394572 (Accessed 20 January 2017).Fisher, M.F.M. (2013) Peaceful protest is much more effective than violence for toppling dictators. Available at https//www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/11/05/peaceful-protest-is-much-more-effective-than-violence-in-toppling-dictators/?utm_term=.85c428fbbc16 (Accessed 20 January 2017).Help, H. (2016) In civil disobedience by Thoreau, on the eve of historic Dandi march by Gandhi, and long walk to freedom by Nelson Mandela, how is the.. Available at https//www.enotes.com/homework-help/civil-disobedience-eve-historic-dandi-walk-freedom-748335 (Accessed 20 January 2017).

Dating: Bars, Clubs, And Personal Advertisements :: essays research papers

Dating Bars, Clubs, and Personal AdvertisementsSingle adults partake of many an(prenominal) activities to seek dates and find mates.Many go for advertisements in local newspapers to extract possible candidates for arelationship. Others go to singles unifys and bars to find their potential headmate. The type of activities battalion choose are dependent on the persons self- look upon and self-confidence. The information for this research was obtained fromthe oblige Self Esteem of Persons Seeking Dates Via Bars, hit Clubs, andPersonal Advertisements. The article was written by Paul Yelsma and Paul L.Wienir. It appears in Sociological Spectrum for January - March 1996.The research method used in this article was a questionnaire. Thesequestionnaires were sent to people who advertised in the local paper. Singlesclub participants were presented questionnaires and asked to complete them at unmatchable of the two clubs in the same geographical region. Those who attended bars wereeit her contacted directly or given questionnaires. The questionnaires were realised by 152 subjects 40 from ads 62 attended singles clubs, and 50frequented bars. (Yelsma and Weinir, p. 35)What yield does self esteem have in a persons decision on what type ofmethod to use to find their possible companion? It is shown that people withlower self-prides tend to choose person-to-person advertisements, while people withhigher(prenominal) self esteems tend to lean towards the bar scene. Others with a mediocreself-esteem seem to go towards the clubs scene. According to Josephs, Larrick,Steele, and Nisbett, (1992, p. 27) The higher ones self esteem, the less onehas to fear from threats to the self, and individuals with higher levels ofself-esteem should be less affected by the threats to the self. This meansthat the higher ones self esteem is, the more they bequeath non be afraid to showthemselves in public. Those with the low self-esteems, will hatch behind thewords of a personal adverti sement, while those with higher self-esteems will beopen enough to attempt to meet people on a personal basis.One of the reasons people are reluctant to use personal ads are becauseof their odd beginnings. In the early days of personal ads, they were used bythose seeking homosexual relationships, and for immoral actions. However,since then, the have become much popular. People from all walks of life usepersonal ads to trace others with similar likes and dislikes. In a personaladvertisement, the person making the ad gets the advantage of never actuallymeeting the person before counterbalance contact. This allows them to have a veil ofsecrecy around them. For those with low self-esteem, this allows them to enshroud

A Man For All Seasons Essay -- English Literature

A Man For All SeasonsIn A Man For All Seasons Robert Bolt uses a lot of symbolisation to insurethe story. The main character Sir Thomas More persists plain Grey habitwhich ar simple, not fashionable/stylish. This symbolizes that he isnot ostentatious, only cares nigh God and not peoples opinions andnot boastful. Cardinal Wolsey wears bright, silky clothes that showshe is very important and rich so he can concede these clothes. Clothesrepresent your status. When Cardinal Wolsey dies his clothes areheaped on the shopping centre of the floor and the steward just flings theminto a basket with no honour at all this symbolizes they have nomeaning anymore and are just plain, ordinary clothes. The indexsclothes are metal(prenominal) which shows that this person is the most important.Only the king wears gold clothes and the richest things. The duke is set uped to kill(p) in green to just represent who he is to every citizen mosthim. For the administrators black and pinstripe suits are worn onceonce more to show status. Examples of administrators are Rich andCromwell. This symbolism of clothes shows a dress code for alldifferent types of people there are E.G silly people will wear dirtyrags which might be rupture and very worn. Where as rich people like theking, duke, etc will wear silk, gold and silver. The language used inthe play is also symbolism as when someone speaks to the king theyalways say your grace this represents the king is very important andhas to be addressed properly. When poor people disgorge to Cromwell, More,the Duke and the Cardinal they are always addressed as Sir and once once again represents the importance of this person. The common small-arm puts onthe hat and coat this shows the mania effect. The audition hasse... ... ifCromwell is letting him k flat that he is not doing a liberal thing.Cromwell knows that he did no wrong and so shall go to heaven. Thecommon man now has an identity as the headsman. When Cromwell takesthe mas k from his sleeve the whole earshot can see him doing it andso again it breaks the legitimateism even at an intense moment. This breakin reality might get the audience to think about the morality of whatis happening to More and whether they think that he should die or not,this is exactly what Bolt wanted, the audience to be opinion aboutthe theory.In Act two we are told the exact period settings,Bars, rack and cage flown swiftly upwardsThis happens all in mien of the audience so the idea showing theaudience that it is not real is done here, they can see the change ofscenery so it now is impossible to believe that what they see is real.

Bessie Smith Essay -- Biography Biographies

Bessie metalworkerKnown as the Empress Of megrims, Bessie Smith was give tongue to to have revolutionized the vocal end of Blues Music. She showed a lot of fleece as an independent African-American woman. Her style in performance and lyrics ofttimes reflected her lifestyle. Bessie Smith was one of the first female jazz artists, and she paved the focus for many musicians who followed. Bessie was born April 15, 1894 in Chattanooga, Tennessee to a part time Baptist preacher, William Smith, and his wife Laura. The family was large and poor. Soon after she was born her father died. Laura lived until Bessie was only nine years old. The remaining children had to learn to take care of themselves. Her sister genus Viola then raised her. But it was her oldest brother, Clarence, who had the most impact on her. Clarence constantly encouraged Bessie to learn to sing and dance. After Clarence had joined the Moses Stokes Minstrel Show, Bessie got auditions. Bessies race began when she was di scovered by none other than Ma Rainey when Mas revue, the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, was sacking through Chattanooga around 1912 and she had the occasion to hear young Bessie sing. Ma took Bessie on the road with the show and communicated, consciously or not, the subtleties and intricacies of an ancient and soothe emerging art form. (Snow). Bessie started by working small-time traveling encamp shows. With the help of Clarence she began her professional career in 1912, and soon became a feature singer. Smith was an established star with the black audiences throughout the south by the time she moved to Philadelphia in 1921. However, two more years would hunt before she would begin her recording career. Soon after moving to Philadelphia, Smith supposedly auditioned for Okeh and other... ... Pennsylvania. For many African-Americans, Smith was more than just a blues singer, thanks to an aggressive personality and often-excessive lifestyle. It seemed as if she was describing black till age in the 1920s through her songs. Smith recorded at to the lowest degree 160 songs for Columbia Records from 1923 to 1933. Many of these songs are blues classics. Bessie Smith was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. Bessie Smith had a huge voice capable of strength and softness, which she left hand behind on all her recordings. BibliographyDavis, Angela Y. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism. New York Pantheon Books, 1999 Friedwald, Will. go to sleep Singing. New York Da Capo Press, 1996 Sanders, Madelyn. Bessie Smith. Smith, Bessie. Encarta Encyclopedia. 2001 Ed. Snow, Joel. Bessie Smith. September 17, 1995

Red Badge of Courage Essay: Themes of Heritage and Color

Themes of Heritage and Color in Red badge of resolution The cold passed reluctantly from the earth, and the retiring fogs revealed an army stretched out on the hills, resting. As the landscape changed from brown to green, the army awakened, and began to tremble with eagerness at the noise of rumors. It cast its eyes upon the roads, which were growing from long troughs of liquid mire to proper thoroughfares. A river, amber-tinted in the shadow of its banks, purled at the armys feet and at night, when the germinate had become of a sorrowful blackness, one could see across it the red, eyelike gleam of hostile camp fires set in the low brows of inappropriate hills (Crane 1). The above quote is the opening paragraph of Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage. reason fitted this one paragraph foreshadows the themes of change in ruse and its underlying messages, and the knotty idea of social heritage. Crane, through his detailed writing, colors the war as an ever changing psycholo gical standing as well as the changing ideals of the socially learned heritage. The sassy opens with Henry Fleming in the field and remembering the route to his current condition within the war. Crane spends a good amount of time relaying the interaction between Henry and his acquire as he prepares to go off to fight in the war as well as the questioning of himself as a man. What is so interesting about this particular part, as it relates to the end of the novel, is that the America ideals of the introduction of a man (hero) through war and war as well-favored are approached and challenged. Henrys mother isnt pleased with his going off to war. She warns him against not precisely the enemy but also the men he shall be trash with. He had, of course, dre... ... the flag, the reader can see both flags in color upon a still black and white background. And finally, by the end, when Henry and his first mate men awaken to their victory, everything is in color of hope. Stephen Cranes The Red Badge of Courage formed circles of the two themes of heritage and color. While interchanging romanticism and deromanticism, Crane is able to create a complete three hundred and sixty percentage point rotation of the ideas of manhood, heroism, and attitudes of war (the fluctuating colors). The novel opens with the question of warriors equaling men and heroes, and ends with the answer. The novel begins full of color and ends with color. Over the river a golden ray of fair weather came through the hosts of leaden rain clouds (Crane 183). Works Cited Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. Barnes and master Classics, 1992.

A View from the Bridge Essay -- A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller E

A View from the bridgeworkThere argon moments of great strain in this play. Tracing thedevelopments of Eddies obsession, draw how Miller creates andbuilds up tension, particularly in the final part of issue 1.How would the tension be sh stimulate dramatically?A View from the Bridge is a play base on pride & judge andSicilian Honour. There is fine demarcation between natural justice and thatthat is provided by the justness. The theme of Justice provided by thelaw, starts mighty at the beginning of the play with Alfieris o compileingspeech. As a lawyer, he tells the watching audition of his experienceswith the people of Brooklyn, After all, who have I dealt with in mylife? Longshoreman and their wives, and fathers and grandfathers,compensation cases, evictions, family squabbles - the petty troublesof the poor The perception of law and lawyers in Brooklyn is notentirely friendly.The people of Brooklyn prefer not to bother with the authorities at atime of legal need. These peo ple would lots rather sought out theirproblems by enforcing Natural Justice, they would deal with asituation in their own way. The corporation of Brooklyn has its SicilianHonour, this is a community of people who are against law and order.They find it unlucky to pass a lawyer on the street, in the eyes ofBrooklyn people, lawyers are connected with devilish and disasters andpeople would rather not get to close.This play provides the watching audience with a lot of natural justicefrom the main characters, Eddie, Marco and Beatrice when sheintervenes with Eddies and Catherines relationship. The naturaljustice with Eddie is with Marco and Rodolpho, Eddie here has takenthe law into his own workforce and betraying Marco and Rodolph... ... It isnow that the tension levels have reached a record breaking high, onlythat record is low just a few Brooklyn days later when Marco isreleased and confronts Eddie. Eddie is very footsure and doesnt feelany fear of Marco, Eddie is advised by Bea trice, Catherine andRodolpho that Marco will seriously kill him and that he should juststay away.However, Eddie couldnt let himself look equivalent a wus towards Marco andso decides to confront him outside. Unknown to the watching audience,Eddie is actually armed, but not dangerous As Marco tries toseriously harm Eddie, Eddie pulls out his pen knife and the audience awatching have come to their own conclusion that Marco is going to begiven the stab, but unsuspectedly tension levels are breaking moreworld-wide records and Marco decides to take his personal law into hisown hands and kills Eddie.

Aspects of Human Gene Therapy :: Science Biology Genetic Essays

Aspects of Human element TherapyIntroductionThe prospect of military personnel gene therapy was first realized in 1971 when the first recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid experiments were planned. Gene therapy can be simply viewed as inserting bits of foreign DNA into a uncomplainings tissue in hopes of evoking a biologic receipt that testament effectively eliminate the targeted disease. Major advances in recombinant DNA technology have occurred over the last 20 years so that directly gene therapy is becoming a reality. Gene therapeutic techniques have deep been attempted to treat patients with the genetic diseases severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), cystic fibrosis, and Duchennes muscular dystrophy (Donegan, 1995). The optimist foresees a time when a patient will simply receive a snippet of DNA and go home cured. thither are many ethical and scientific hurdles that must first be crossed for such a dream to become reality. The technology has advanced so rapidly that many ethical questions werent originally addressed and accordingly are this instant becoming the center of attention regarding human genetic research. Furthermore, scientists must fall out a way to outwit the bodys immune administration which is primed to fight any foreign sensible such as inserted genes. There are also difficulties in getting the targeted cells to open up their molecular locks to allow the foreign genes inside. Gene therapy, like other medical examination advances before it, will have numerous failures before reaching its dependable potential. It will be important for the public, press, and medical industry to be patient in waiting for the dream of gene therapy to become a reality. technical Aspects of Gene TherapyThe underlying principle of gene therapy is the transfer of genetic material to specific cells of a patient in an effort to initiate a biological response to fight or eliminate a disease. There are two possible types of target cells, somatic cells that a re non-reproducing, or reproducing germ-line cells. If germ-line cells are permanently adapted, all future generations would be effected. Most of the new human genetic research involves somatic cells since the ethical ramifications of germ-line cell variety is still being debated. Some scientists have expressed concerns that even altered somatic cell genes could find their way to reproducing, germ-line cells (Donegan, 1995). Accordingly, regulations are strict in regards to somatic cell gene modification techniques so that this gene migration will not occur. Transfer of genes to target cells is usually accomplished by approximately sort of vector such as retroviruses, adenoviruses, or liposomes (Mulligan, 1993 Crystal, 1995).

The Internet And The Future Of Tv Essay -- Television TV

Imagine a daylight when you would be in derive control of creating your own TV channel contrastup.Instead of subscribing to a service from a personal credit line, satellite or phone company that might offer you hundreds of channels youll never watch, you would be able to select what you require and watch it on your own schedule.That day might not be so far away. Slowly exclusively surely, field thats broadcast over cable networks and through satellite providers is creation distributed through the public Internet.News.contextWhats newA lot of the technology is in channelize to deliver TV content via the Internet, where content providers could bypass cable and satellite services and deliver programming directly to viewers. Bottom lineWhile content providers have no intention of giving up on traditional TV service, they are watching Internet TV developments carefully. Most are moving gingerly into the commercialize, making sure digital rights issues are properly addressed, tha t they can maintain control over content once its on the Web, and that there is adequate demand for the service.More stories on this topic In terms of the technology, all the elements are falling into place to deliver high-quality video from the Net directly to viewers in their funding rooms. Software has been developed to ensure the quality of video distributed over the Net. And companies such(prenominal) as Microsoft and Cisco Systems Linksys home division are developing products that alter Internet video to be viewed on TV sets instead of whole on PC screens.Apple Computer, which has changed the melody industry with its iPod music players and iTunes music store, is trying to do the same thing in the video market. primarily this month it introduced an iPod that plays videos, and launch... ... Previous Next Comcast, the largest cable company in the united States, already provides an extensive library of on-demand movies. On Wednesday it announced it would provide an surplus 250 movies every month to its digital cable customers at no trim charge. In total, Comcast customers will be able to select from about 800 movies for each one month. Comcast says that its video-on-demand programming is extremely popular. The company has already surpassed one billion total on-demand program views for the year, eclipsing last years total of 567 million views.The traditional TV market is not dead, said Kontikis Sahadi. Multiple models will evolve. Broadband penetration and improvements in digital rights management are helping push content providers to intuitive feeling toward the Web. But there will always be people who want to subscribe to a traditional television service.

Working Women :: essays research papers

Work and the Family The interaction of adults and clawren is angiotensin-converting enzyme to be treasured. When a person becomes a parent they change. He/she direct becomes more mature and are forced to take on legion(predicate) responsibilities. However, every parent will agree it is the best feeling maven can have. It is truly a privilege to beget a kid into this world, and there is nothing more special than to begin a family. During this business line I choose to help facilitate two chapters Work and Family and To upgrade or not to Parent. This is what I have learned... This course had three ask texts including The New Peoplemaking by Virginia Satir, Marriages and Families by Mary Ann Lamana and Agnes Reidmann, and Annual Editions by a variety of authors. These three articles really helped me to shed light on some(prenominal) of the hidden topics in family life. What exactly is a family? As defined in the Lamana text it is any sexually expressive or parent-child or e arly(a) kin relationship in which people live together with a commitment in an intimate interpersonal relationship. Family members see their identity as importantly attatched to the group, which has an identity of its own. Families today take on several forms single-parent, remarried, treble career, communal, homosexual, customs dutyal, and so forth. More and more families are struggling to make the company of work and family fit together. There are many issues that working families verbalism such as when if ever will the parents go back to work, child care issues, finances, stress, marital strain, division of labor, and and many more topics. As tradition has it men are the breadwinners of the family but during recent years that role seems to be changing. More and more women have white collar jobs, and are deliverance home more money. Tradition leads us to believe that men bring home all the money and women stay home with the kids. However, now in the 2000s dual career marriage s are more popular , and women are sexual climax home to the "second shift", referring to the unpaid house work delay for parents at the end of the work day. Women spend on average 20 hours per week doing housework. Another change is that men are doing an increase the measuring of housework that they are participating in. Husbands and wives are beginning to share the responsibilities, not just leave it to the husband or the wife.